FORAGE - PowerPoint Presentation

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FORAGE SCIENCEFac.of Animal HusbandryBrawijaya University

GRASSSlide2

Axonopus compressus P. Beauv.Synonim: Paspalum compressum (Sw.) Nees, Paspalum platycaule Willd. ex Steud., Paspalum platycaulon PoirLocal name:Rumput pahitanRumput karpetNative:USA (south east part), Indonesia, West India, African TropicsSlide3

DescriptionPerennial plant, spreading by stolonoften used as a permanent pasture, ground cover and turf in moist, low fertility soils, particularly in shaded situations. It is generally too low growing to be useful in cut-and-carry systems or for fodder conservationSlide4

Axonopus compressus P. Beauv.Slide5

AdaptationGrow well on tropical and sub-tropical area with high humidityPrefer to grow well on sandy land or clay land which rich of humusPlanting at 25 x 25 cm in lenght (tillers)Slide6

Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.Synonim: Brachiaria eminiiBrachiaria bequaertiiLocal name:Rumput SignalNative:Uganda, AfricaSlide7

DescriptionPerennial grass, A stoloniferous base and roots developing from the lower nodes producing a dense swardThe erect stems arise from a long stoloniferous baseThe leaflet color: dark green with smooth hairAt first time the growth of grass is so hard but after this hard to controlTo control, should be cut or by grazing (stocked heavily)Slide8

Brachiaria decumbens Stapf.Slide9

Adaptationa grass of the wet tropics, but it has good drought tolerance and is adapted to a dry season of four or five months. However, it prefers 1,500 mm or more of rain. It does not do well where the dry season is more than five months, but is more productive than Brachiaria mutica in the late dry season. Slide10

AdaptationResponsive to the addition of N fertilizer and heavy grazingIt can grow well at slope land, pH 6-7Show rapid regrowth and good persistence under heavy or frequent defoliationSlide11

Brachiaria mutica Stapf.Synonim: Panicum muticum Forsk.P. purpurascens Raddi.Local name: Rumput ParaNative:African TropicsSlide12

DescriptionA short-culmed, stoloniferous perennial up to 200 cm high with long, hairy leaf-blades about 16 mm wide. Panicle 10-20 cm long with solitary racemose or compound branches and glabrous, acute, irregularly multiseriate spikelets 3-3.5 mm long (Napper, 1965).Slide13

Brachiaria mutica Stapf.Slide14

AdaptationDistribution tropical areas of Africa and America, now introduced into most tropical countries.Season of growth: A summer perennial.Altitude range: Sea-level to 1 000 m.Adapted to high-rainfall tropical and subtropical conditions, but in protected areas it can persist with rainfall as low as 900 mm per year.It usually tolerates general drought by reason of its specific swampy environment, being maintained by the residual moisture from the wet season.It prefers alluvial and hydromorphic soils but will grow on a wide range of moist soil types.Slide15

Brachiaria ruziziensis R. Germ. and C.M. EvrardSynonim: Urochloa ruziziensis (R. Germ. and C.M. Evrard) Crins.Local name:Rumput ruziNative:Congo, Kenya, and AfricaSlide16

DescriptionLate flowering perennial similar to B. decumbens, but with the lower glume distant from the rest of the spikelet. Light-green broad hairy leaves and flowers. Cultivated in the humid tropics for pastureSlide17

Brachiaria ruziziensisSlide18

AdaptationRequires light to loam soils of moderately high fertility (pH 5.0–6.8) and cannot tolerate strongly acid conditionsFor the lowlands and up to 2,000 m in the humid tropics, with a minimum of 1,200 mm AAR.  It can tolerate a dry season of 4 months but will die out in extended dry conditions.  Having poor tolerance to flooding, it thrives best on well-drained soilsIt can stand moderately heavy grazing and requires high levels of fertilizing to persist under frequent cutting. Responsive to N additionSlide19

Cenchrus ciliaris L.Synonim: Pennisetum cenchroides Rich. P. ciliare (L.) Link.Local name:Rumput buffelNative:India, Indonesia, African TropicsSlide20

Cenchrus ciliaris L.Slide21

Descriptiontufted (sometimes shortly rhizomatous) perennial, with types ranging in habit from ascendant to erect, and branching culms from about 0.3-2.0 m at maturity.sometimes hairy at the baseDeep, strong, fibrous root system to >2 m.Slide22

Adaptationoften occurs in the wild on sandy soils, but is also well adapted to deep, freely draining sandy loam, loam, clay loam, and red earth soils.it most drought tolerant of the commonly sown grasses, It occurs naturally in areas with average annual rainfall from as low as 100 mm up to about 1,000 mm, but most commonly between 300 and 750 mmVery tolerant of regular cutting or heavy grazing.Slide23

Cynodon dactylonSynonim: Panicum dactylon, Capriola dactylonLocal name:Rumput GerintingRumput BermudaNative:IndiaSlide24

Cynodon dactylonSlide25

DescriptionA variable perennial, creeping by means of stolons and rhizomes, eight to 40 culms, (rarely) to 90 cm high: leaves hairy or glabrousSlide26

AdaptationIt has been introduced to all tropical and subtropical, and some temperate regions of the world.Grows on a wide range of soils, but best in relatively fertile, well-drained soils.Usually occurs over an average annual rainfall range of 625-1,750 mm, but down to 550 mm, and up to 4,300 mm.Slide27

Cynodon plectostachyus (K. Schum.) PilgerSynonim: Leptochloa plectostachyus K. Schum.Local name:Rumput Afrika (African Star Grass)Native:East AfricaSlide28

Cynodon plectostachyusSlide29

DescriptionA largely robust, sometimes fine, stoloniferous (non-rhizomatous), deep-rooted group of perennials.It is tolerant of heavy grazing.Slide30

AdaptationGrow on a wide range of soil types from sands to heavy claysIt grows in areas with an average annual rainfall between about 500 and 800 mmSlide31

Digitaria decumbens Stent.Local name:Pangola grassNative:South AfricaAfrican TropicsSlide32

DescriptionA stoloniferous perennial Having the culms much branched, usually decumbent, and often rooting from the lower nodesHeight around 100 cmSlide33

AdaptationPangola grass will grow over a wide range of soils on wet sands or heavy clays and at low fertility levels. It will survive droughts fairly well if established, but will not be productiveOnce pangola grass is established it spreads very rapidly by stolons.. It does not produce viable seeds.Slide34

Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn. Local name:Rumput lulanganRumput jukutRumput jampangSlide35

Eleusine indicaSlide36

DescriptionPerennial grass, 30-60 cm tallIt has a particularly tough root system and is hard to pull outSlide37

AdaptationDistribution: tropical and subtropical regionsIt can be made into coarse hay and silageSlide38

Hypharrhenia rufa (Nees) Stapf.Synonim: Trachypogon rufus Nees; Andropogon rufus (Nees) Kunth (Wagner et al.1999)Local name:Rumput jaraguaNative:AfricaSlide39

Hypharrhenia rufaSlide40

DescriptionA very variable perennial from 60-240 cm highThe flowering stems have little leaf

Adaptation

It survives well into

drought

Good ­ on retentive soils withstands a dry season of six monthsSlide41

Leersia hexandra Swartz.Local name:Rumput BentaJukut lambetaRico grassSlide42

Leersia hexandra Swartz.Slide43

DescriptionStoloniferous perennial It makes quite good hay but is difficult to harvest from swamps and is usually cut when swamps dry outAdaptation

Distribution

: throughout

the tropics and subtropics

.

It survives well into drought until the swamps dry outSlide44

Melinis minutiflora Beauv.Synonim: Melinis tenuinervis StapfPanicum melinis Trin.Panicum minutiflorum (P. Beauv.) RaspailLocal name:Rumput MolassesNative:African TropicsSlide45

Melinis minutiflora Beauv.Slide46

DescriptionTufted perennial up to 150 cm high, often sticky, with a characteristic odour of molasses or cumin.fertile culms erect or geniculately ascendingInflorescence a panicle 10-30 cm long, with racemes initially appressed, spreading to present a pale pink to purple plume effect at anthesisSeedling vigour: Excellent. It establishes quicklySlide47

AdaptationIt needs moderate to high rainfall in excess of 750 mm. The normal range is 960 to 1 706 mm (Russell & Webb, 1976).Relatively drought-hardy over a dry season of four to five months.It is tolerant to soils of fairly low fertility.When mature it will burn so fiercely that its own seeds and roots are killedSlide48

Panicum maximum Jacc. Synonim: Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K. Simon & S.W.L. JacobsUrochloa maxima (Jacq.) R.D.WebsterPanicum hirsutissimum SteudLocal name:Rumput BenggalaRumput GuineaNative:AfricaIndian OceanAsianSlide49

Panicum maximum Jacc. Slide50

DescriptionA tufted perennial, often with a shortly creeping rhizome, variable 60-200 cm highpanicle 12- 40 cm long, open spikelets 3-3.5 mm long, obtuse, mostly purple red, glumes unequal, the lower one being one-third to one-fourth as long as the spikeletSlide51

AdaptationIt will grow on a large range of soils, but produces poor stands on infertile types. It is well adapted to sloping, cleared land in rain forest areas where it will support heavy stocking. It will tolerate acid conditions if drainage is good.It does not tolerate waterloggingIt will not tolerate heavy frosts, but recovers from light frosts with the return of warm weatherSlide52

Panicum repens L. Local name:Rumput torpedoNative:Tropical and North Africa Mediterranean (sometimes said to be native to Asia).Slide53

Panicum repens Slide54

DescriptionA rhizomatous, creeping perennial, rooting at the base, 30-90 cm tallIt is extremely palatable and nutritious over a long growing season, but at the mature stage the old leaves tend to become tough (Thorp, 1979) and are neglected by stockSlide55

AdaptationIt tolerates drought, as the rhizomes remain alive in long dry periodsGenerally found on sandy soils, but some strains grow on heavy clay. The soils are always wet and of alluvial originPanicum repens grows well even after several days in standing water. It is frequent on lake edges, edges of dams and in swamps throughout the tropics (Sayer & Lavieren, 1975).Tolerance to salinity: Very goodSlide56

Paspalum plicatulum Michx.Local name:Rumput plicatulumNative:Guatemala, VenezuelaSlide57

Paspalum plicatulum Michx.Slide58

DescriptionTufted perennial, with open, tussocky habit, up to 1.2 m highLeaves usually about 40 cm long, 10 mm wide, folded at the base, pilose on the upper surface at base near margins, glabrous toward the top; leaf-sheaths glabrous, ligule 1.5 mm long. Slide59

AdaptationRainfall requirements: At least 760 mm, preferably more than 1 000 mm up to 2 036 mm a year (Russell & Webb, 1976).It is tolerant of a wide range of soils, including soils of low fertility which are too poorIt grows well on strongly acid to neutral, poorly drained clay loams and on excessively drained deep sandy soils (Leithead, Yarlett & Shiflet, 1971)Slide60

Paspalum conjugatum Bergius.Local name:Buffalo grassJampang pahit Native:American tropicsSlide61

Paspalum conjugatumSlide62

DescriptionA vigorous, creeping perennial with long stolons, rooting at nodes, with culms ascending to erect, 40-80(-100) cm tall, branching, solid, slightly compressed.It is used as a forage for grazing or in cut-and-carry systems, and is rated as a very important natural pasture grass in coconut plantations.The palatability declines rapidly after floweringIt is stated that only the young stage of the grass is suitable for grazing since the fruits tend to stick in the throats of livestock and choke themSlide63

AdaptationIt is adapted to a wide range of soilsIt grows from near sea-level up to 1700 m altitude in open to moderately shaded places. It is adapted to humid climates. Slide64

Paspalum dilatatum Poir.Synonim: Digitaria dilatata (Poir.) H.J. CostePaspalum eriophorum Schult.Paspalum lanatum Spreng.Paspalum ovatum Nees ex Trin.Paspalum ovatum var. grandiflorum NeesPaspalum pedunculare J. PreslPaspalum platense Spreng. Paspalum selloi Spreng. ex NeesPaspalum velutinum Trin. ex NeesLocal name:Rumput australiNative:humid subtropics of southern Brazil, Argentina and UruguaySlide65

Paspalum dilatatumSlide66

DescriptionA leafy, tufted perennial with clustered stems arising from shortly creeping rhizomes; culms to 1 m; inflorescence of 3-5 racemes; spikelets ovate, about 3 mm long, fringed with silky hairs (Henty, 1969). Slide67

AdaptationIt requires a minimum of about 750 mm of annual rainfall; does best in a rainfall of about 1 250 mm, and in irrigated pastures. Maximum recorded, 1 650 mm (Russell & Webb, 1976)The underground root-stock gives it considerable drought tolerance once it is establishedIt grows best in heavy, moist, fertile, alluvial and basaltic clay soilsSlide68

Pennisetum purpureum Scumach.Synonim: Pennisetum benthamii SteudLocal name:Rumput gajahNapier GrassNative:AfricaSlide69

Pennisetum purpureum Scumach.Slide70

DescriptionA robust perennial with a vigorous root system, sometimes stoloniferous with a creeping rhizome. Culms usually 180-360 cm high, branched upwards. Leaf-sheaths glabrous or with tubercle-based hairs; leaf-blades 20-40 mm wide, margins thickened and shiny. Inflorescence a bristly false spike up to 30 cm long, dense, usually yellow-brown in colour, more rarely purplish (Chippendall, 1955).Slide71

AdaptationGrows on a wide range of soil types provided fertility is adequate.  Grows best in deep, well-drained friable loams with a pH of 4.5-8.2 (mean 6.2).  No readily available data on tolerance of salinity or high levels of Al and Mn.It survives drought quite well when established because of its deep root system.Slide72

Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) M.B. Moss Synonim: Setaria anceps Stapf. Local name:Rumput setariaNative:AfricaSlide73

Setaria sphacelataSlide74

DescriptionPerennial tussock to 2 m tall, with short rhizomes.  Leaves bluish grey-green, leaf blades soft, glabrous, to 50 cm long and up to about 1 cm wide.  Lower parts of culms and the basal leaf-sheaths flattened.  Inflorescence a tightly contracted panicle producing a false spike.Slide75

AdaptationMost commonly found on soils with texture ranging from sand to clay loam and light clay, but will grow on heavy clay.  Survives low fertility conditions but responds to improved fertility.  Not well adapted to alkaline or very acid soils, most wild collections coming from soils of pH 5.5-6.5.  Generally low salt tolerance'Kazungula' is the most tolerant of poor sandy and stony soils. 'Nandi' and 'Narok' prefer medium-textured, fertile soils.Slide76

Sorghum sudanenseLocal name:Rumput SudanNative:Sudan, AfricaSlide77

Sorghum sudanenseSlide78

Descriptionslender annual with leafy stems up to 3 m high that grows on a variety of soils in areas with 500-900 mm of rain annually. Drought resistant. Cultivated primarily for hay or as a pioneer grass. With good fertility, yields two to five cuttings of very palatable fodder. May contain prussic acid when greenSlide79

Euchlaena mexicana Schrad.Synonim: Zea mays L. subsp. mexicana (Schrad.) H. H. IltisLocal name:TeosinteRumput MexicoNative:Central AmericaMexicoSlide80

Euchlaena mexicanaSlide81

Urochloa mosambicencis (Hack.) DandySynonim: Brachiaria stolonifera Gooss.Echinochloa notabile (Hook. f.) Rhind.Panicum mosambicense Hack.Urochloa pullulans Stapf, nom. illeg.Urochloa stolonifera (Gooss.) Chippind.Local name:Rumput SabiNative:AfricaSlide82

Urochloa mosambicencisSlide83

DescriptionA perennial, variable in size and habit (Burt et al., 1980) sometimes stoloniferous or with a creeping rhizome. Culms 120 cm or more high, sometimes rooting and branched from the lower nodes. Slide84

AdaptationIt is drought enduring.It will grow in a wide range of soils, from clay loams to sands, but appears to be more suitable for lighter soils with relatively high fertility. It can tolerate both acid and alkaline soils.Tolerant of light shade.Slide85

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