GEOG 596A Capstone Peer Review Loren Pfau MGIS Candidate Justine Blanford Faculty Advisor 22 September 2011 Introduction Objective Methodology Timeline Acknowledgements Questions Agenda ID: 685943
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Slide1
Geospatial Technology and Data for Volunteer-based Wilderness Search and Rescue
GEOG 596A Capstone Peer Review
Loren Pfau, MGIS Candidate
Justine
Blanford
, Faculty Advisor
22 September 2011Slide2
IntroductionObjective
Methodology
TimelineAcknowledgementsQuestions
Agenda
“I have never been lost, but I will admit to being confused for several weeks.” – Daniel BooneSlide3
Locating people/objects in
Urban
settings (e.g. EMS, law enforcement)Water (e.g. lost boats/ person USCG
)Land (e.g. lost aircraft (Civil Air Patrol, DND))Confined space (e.g. collapsed buildings, mines)
Wilderness – focus of my study
Search and RescueSlide4
Primary Search & Rescue (SAR) Activities
Search
–looking
for
lost person.
Rescue
– extricating a
person.
Recovery
– location and transport of a deceased.Slide5
National Park Service – paid professionalsVOLUNTEER based – Everywhere else
In most Western States SAR is responsibility of the County Sheriff
Many SAR teams are members of the Mountain Rescue Association and are funded by donations and fundraising, not tax dollars
Wilderness SAR?Slide6
SAR Incidents
in
USA, 1992-2007
Source:
Heggie, 2009
USA National Parks
Approximately 65,439
SAR missions
Approximately 4,090
per year
Colorado
between 1995-2009
Approximately 20,672 SAR Missions
Approximately 1,378 per year
Source: CSRB, 2009Slide7
Activities of people rescued, Colorado 1995-2009
CSRB, 2009Slide8
How is a lost/missing person successfully rescued/recovered in the wilderness?Slide9
SAR Mission Process
SEARCH – RESCUE - RECOVERYSlide10
Search Preparation - Information Gathering
Variety of sources, formats
Paper:
USGS 7.5" topo maps, 1:24,000 scale, various publication dates
Smaller-scale topo maps, 1:50,000 and 1:100,000, various publication datesPark/NFS trail maps, scale varies by source, various publication dates
Digital:
Electronic
topo
maps (e.g. US National Map, Delorme
Topo
North America),variable scale and publication dates
Aerial/Satellite Imagery, variable scale and publication dates
Digital Elevation Models, National Elevation Dataset at 30, 10 and 3 meters
GPS units with
topo maps (e.g. Garmin MapSource) Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI). (e.g.
OpenStreetMaps
, 14ers.com)Slide11
Two step processHasty Search and containment
-
Landscape (e.g. vegetation, terrain)- Activity (e.g. hiking, running)Local knowledge of area (SAR Team)
Detailed Search
Search Theory (originally developed during WWII)Lost Person Behaviour (Koester, 2008)
Survival rates over time (Koester, 2008)
Performing Search
unsuccessfulSlide12
Search Theory
POA
Probability of Area (chance the person is in the search area)
POD
Probability of Detection (chance the person will be detected if in the search area)
POS
Probability of Success
(chance of finding the person)
=
x
From Ferguson, 2008Slide13
Lost Person Behavior
ISRID (International search and rescue incidents database)
SAR mission data from around the world (e.g. Australia, USA, UK)
information on subject type (e.g. age, mental state), search time (i.e. time it took to find the
person), distance traveled, weather conditions etc.Used to determine survival rate in different settings
4-6 year old child (all weather, terrain, N=205)
Source: Koester, 2008
Hikers (all weather,
terrain, N=3013
)Slide14
Documentation for training and analysis purposes
Post-MissionSlide15
Need to Visualize, Analyze, Model, Manage and Document
mission
Fundamentally a Geospatial ActivityTime-sensitive
Summary of SAR
50% searches completed < 3 hours
81% are over within 12 hours
93% are complete within 24 hours
Source: Koester, 2008 Slide16
US Coast GuardCivil Air PatrolUrban Fire and EMS
Wildland Firefighting
Natural DisastersAvalanche Forecasting & MitigationSocial Media (Facebook, Twitter)
GIS and Emergency ManagementSlide17
MapSAR (Not released and is currently under development) – extension for ESRI ArcGIS
National Park Service GIS tools
Mountaineer Area Rescue Group
Applying GIS technologies for wilderness SARSlide18
SAR teams mainly volunteerLack of GIS expertise within SAR teams to use GIS and maintain databases
Lack of Funding – training, cost software
Limited use of GIS for wilderness SAR?Slide19
Traditionally: a telephone call and a topo
map
Now: e911 Phase II, social media, smartphone apps, mapping GPS units, GIS, etc.A wealth of geospatial data becoming available but understanding of how to access and use this data is in early stages of development
Moving from “Search For” to “Go To” environment in real-time at the click of a button
SAR Information is ChangingSlide20
AccuTerra
OnDemand
Geotagged iPhone photo
Location InformationSlide21
APRS trackingGoogle Latitude
Tracking
SPOT Satellite MessengerSlide22
OpenStreetMap trails
Avalanche paths near Loveland Ski Area, CO
Alternative Baselayer SourcesSlide23
14ers.com route and trip reports
Wireless e911 Call
Some ExamplesSlide24
Challenges facing SAR teams
is understanding
what information is available and how to accesshow
reliable is the data/informationhow
the data may be utilized, managed and integrated during time-sensitive missions.
Objective
Purpose: To evaluate what data and technology may be effectively used in wilderness SAR missionsSlide25
Data GatheringAssessment of Data and Technology
Study Area: Colorado
MethodologySlide26
Mission Data Gathering and
Analysis
Current mission data is logged in paper format - Data for 2-5 years of mission will be digitalized
Data will be used for part II: Assessment of Data and Technology
Interviews and short surveyData Needs:Critically assess data needs within current SAR group
Alpine Rescue Team
and
two external SAR
groups
Methodology – DataSlide27
Methodology – Technology
Technology Assessment:
Critically assess a variety of Geospatial tools
Identity a wide variety of Geospatial technologies that will include: full GIS, on-line mapping tools, smartphone
apps Develop assessment criteria Test technology (1-3 apps (1 Full GIS, 1 online mapping, 1 Smartphone App)) during real SAR missionSlide28
Easy to learnEase of use
Ability to integrate data
Analytical capabilitiesAccuracyFor smartphones – coverage (is coverage reliable)For smartphone apps – accuracy of tracks, coordinatesHow useful was the application during a mission? (e.g. quick to get information)
Some criteria that may be used to critique Geospatial tools
(still to be determined)Slide29
Summary of data needs (type of data and scale, human expert knowledge, historical missions)
Summary of data sources and strengths and weaknesses
Summary of Geospatial Software strengths and weaknesses and how rated/ranked based on criteriaSummary of how each of the 1-3 selected software apps performed in a real SAR operations
Expected Results/OutcomesSlide30
Mission Data Compile – 2 MonthsAnalyze – 1 Month
Survey of SAR Team Use of Geospatial Data and Technology – 4 Months
CreateCompile AnalyzeAssess Technologies – 4 MonthsTest Technologies – 2 Months
Target Presentation: Mountain Rescue Association Spring Meeting – June/July 2012
TimelineSlide31
Acknowledgements
Justine
Blanford
Members of the Alpine Rescue Team and Rocky Mountain Rescue GroupSlide32
Just Another Day in the Bowling Alley…