Page 137 On November 9, 1989, the East German government announces that its citizens - PowerPoint Presentation

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Page 137

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On November 9, 1989, the East German government announces that its citizens will be free to cross into West Germany. Suddenly the Wall becomes a symbol of the end of the Cold War and a new chapter in history begins.

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Objectives

MS1 Explain how geography, economics, history, and politics have influenced the development of Mississippi.

MS1e

Analyze the historical and political significance of key events in our state's development (e.g., Civil War, Civil Rights Movement, etc.).

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Objectives

MS2a Identify the influence of the industrial and agricultural revolution in our state.

MS3d Analyze the significance of key events in our state's history.

MS3e

Analyze the ways Mississippians have resolved conflict and adapted to change, and continue to address cultural issues unique to our state.

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MS4 Demonstrate the ability to use social studies tools (e.g., timelines, maps, globes, resources, graphs, a compass, technology, etc.).

Objectives

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Review

Lincoln’s death

Presidential Reconstruction

President Andrew Johnson

Constitution Convention of 1865

Election of 1865

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Overview

Mississippi’s Black Code

Congressional Reconstruction

Constitution of 1868

Republican Rule in Mississippi

Black Political Power

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Four acts that placed harsh economic and social restrictions on blacks.

Mississippi

Black Codes

Hailed as “necessary” to protect freedmen’s civil liberties.

The Black Codes were designed to give the state control over blacks’ behavior and, particularly, their labor.

What are the black codes ?

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Any Benefits?

Legalized marriages between blacks.

Interracial marriages?

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Do blacks have the right to sue in state courts?

Yes and no.

Blacks prevented from testifying in state court cases involving whites.

Can

blacks own land?

Limited black land ownership.

Blacks

could

rent

and

lease

land, but

only inside

cities

and

towns

.

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Written Employment Contract

What type of labor system did the South use?

What type of labor system did the North use?

Slave labor. (Task System or gang system.)

Wage Labor (Free labor)

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What is wage labor or free labor system use in the North?

The system most teenagers and adults start with.

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Application Form

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The South Lost the War

The war was fought over the type of labor system used.

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Another provision of the Black Code was to require black workers to have a written employment contract witnessed by two whites.

Will the Freedmen’s Bureau like this part of the Black Code?

Yes!

Why?

It is the type of system used up North

.

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If they broke the contract, they could be arrested and returned to their employer (this only applied to blacks).

The Black Code also provided for the arrest, fining, or imprisonment of blacks who assembled without permission or who were unemployed.

Blacks

who were arrested and could not pay the fine could be

hired out

to anyone who paid the fine.

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Chain Gangs

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Stealing a couple of chickens brought three to ten years in North Carolina.

As a result southern prison populations became predominately black overnight.

Between 1874 and 1877, the black imprisonment rate went up 300 percent in Mississippi and Georgia.

By 1800, a state prisons had been built in

Georgia

. Almost no prisons in the South.

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Black Forced Labor After Slavery, the death rate of prisoners leased to railroad companies between 1877 and 1879 was16% in Mississippi. (Almost 1 in 5)

The state penal code made no distinction between

juvenile

and adult offenders, so that by 1880 "at least

one

convict in

four

was an adolescent.

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The movement to end convict leasing in Mississippi resulted in the creation of Parchman Farm.

Parchman is the oldest prison in Mississippi. (1901)

William Faulkner

called

Parchman

“

destination doom

”.

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Black Codes

Prohibited blacks from carrying firearms or any other weapons.

The Black Codes and Mississippi’s refusal to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment troubled the freedmen and greatly angered many northern whites.

Congress refused to seat Mississippi’s Congressional delegates.

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Congress passed three laws designed to weaken the Black Codes and guarantee black rights.

One of them is the Fourteenth Amendment.

What is the 14th Amendment?

Page 138

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All persons born or naturalized in the United States and

subject to the jurisdiction thereof

, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall

abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens

of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of

life

,

liberty

, or

property

, without

due process

of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

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Could the Olive Branch Police enter your house without a warrant?

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Prior to the 14th Amendment.

Yes

After to the 14th Amendment.

Chapter 16

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Fourteenth Amendment and Dred Scott

Dred Scott was not a “citizen of a state”.

“… and so far inferior that they had

no rights

which the

white

man was bound to respect.”

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When Mississippi and several other southern states refused to ratify the Fourteenth Amendment, Congress took control of Reconstruction.

Congressional Reconstruction

14th amendment passed on March 2, 1867.

Congress divided the South into 5 military districts.

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General Edward

Otho Cresap Ord

Part of the siege of Vicksburg.

Was instrumental in forcing the surrender of Confederate General Robert E. Lee.

Placed in command of the Fourth Military District.

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Register Voters

Voter registration boards in each county.

Registered any adult male—regardless of race.

137,000

of the state’s

160,000

adult males (

black

and

white

) had qualified to vote.

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Blacks formed the majority of registered voters in 32 Mississippi counties.

Whites held the majority in 29 counties.

New electorate’s first test at the polls came in November 1867.

The election was to decide whether to organize a constitutional convention and write a new constitution.

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Conservative Democrats (old south) opposing the convention.

What is a scalawag?

Native

whites

who supported the Republican party.

What is a carpetbagger?

Northern white Republican.

The convention was made up of

scalawags

and

carpetbaggers

.

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Which party did black voters register?

Republican party.

Why?

The party of Lincoln.

The Constitution of 1868 met in Jackson in

January.

The Republican party gained the approval needed for the constitutional convention.

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The Constitution of 1868

One hundred delegates.

Conservative Democrats

Scalawag

Carpetbagger

Black

Republicans

– 17

– 29

– 25

– 17

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The delegates in drafting the state’s third and most democratic (liberal) constitution.

What were the 3 major concerns of Mississippi’s freedmen?

Land

Education

Ballot

2

were a part of the constitution, which

2

?

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Universal male suffrage

Ballot

What did they add to the constitution?

What is Universal Male Suffrage?

It is extending the vote to male citizens of any race or color.

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The second resolution provided for a system of free public education for all children between the ages of six and eighteen.

Education

Liberty, Mississippi

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The constitution also forbid discrimination in public transportation.

Eliminated the property qualification for voting or holding office.

Extended property rights to married women.

What was the first state in the South to extended property rights to married women?

Louisiana

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Conservative Democrats objected to the Constitution

Objected to a provision that

disfranchised all persons who supported secession or gave aid to the Confederacy.

What does the term disfranchise mean?

To

take away

the right to vote from an individual or group.

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Conservative Democrats objected to the Constitution

They fought the provisions that increased the power of the governor.

They also fought the provisions that required former Confederates to take an

oath

acknowledging that

all men are created equal

.

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The constitution was finally put to the voters in 1868.

It failed

One of the reasons it failed was the use of violence and intimidation to keep blacks from the polls.

Who used violence and intimidation?

Ku Klux Klan

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Ku Klux Klan

When was the Ku Klux Klan at its largest?

4,000,000

(1924 peak)

How did the Ku Klux Klan start?

Six middle-class Confederate veterans from Pulaski, Tennessee.

Pennsylvania Avenue

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What 3 things did the Ku Klux Klan preach?

Christian organizations

Protector of the white race (White nationalism and White supremacy )

Protector of white woman

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Which state had the largest Klan membership?

Why?

Waves of new immigrants.

The Great Migration

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How did the Klan membership go overnight to almost nothing?

Indiana

David Curtiss "Steve" Stephenson

Grand Dragon

(

state leader

)

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Publicly a Prohibitionist and a defender of “Protestant womanhood.”

It all started with him drinking in his private railcar.

Madge Oberholtzer

He abduction her.

He forced her to become intoxicated.

Then he raped her.

She ran a state program to combat illiteracy.

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Stephenson had

bitten

her so many times that one man who saw her described her condition as having been “chewed by a cannibal.”

She died.

He was convicted of

second-degree murder

.

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Sentenced

Stephenson was sentenced to life in prison on 16 November 1925.

In response to his conviction and to the refusal of Governor Jackson to grant clemency or to commute his sentence.

He released lists of public officials who were or had been on the Klan payroll.

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David Curtiss "Steve" Stephenson

Was paroled on 23 March 1950.

Violated parole.

On 15 December 1950, he was captured in Minneapolis.

In 1953, he denying that he had ever been a leader of the Klan.

On 22 December 1956, he was

paroled

again, on condition that

he leave Indiana and never return

.

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President Ulysses S. Grant

In November 1869, President Ulysses S. Grant

resubmitted

the constitution to the

people of Mississippi

without

the provision

disfranchising

former Confederates

and the created

equal oath

.

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Republican Rule

In the election of 1869, Republican James Lusk Alcorn was elected governor.

Republicans

also won a majority of the seats in the

legislature

.

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In January 1870, the legislature met the final two requirements for the state’s readmission to the Union by ratifying the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments.

What is the 13th Amendment?

What is the 14th Amendment?

What is the 15th Amendment?

End slavery.

Citizenship and Due Process.

Universal Male Suffrage.

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U.S. Senate

The legislature elected provisional governor

Adelbert

Ames

to the United states Senate.

Bull Run

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The legislature also elected

Hiram Revels, a black minister from Natchez.

U.S. Senate

He migrated to Natchez from Missouri.

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Hiram Revels

was appointed to serve out the unexpired term of Jefferson Davis.

Harper's Weekly

Feb 19, 1870

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Revels is one of only six African Americans ever to have served in the United States Senate.

Hiram Revels became the first black to serve in the United States Senate.

Revels was met with opposition from Southern conservative Democrats who cited the Dred Scott Decision.

The Senate required

nine years'

prior citizenship.

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Revels was of mixed black and white ancestry.

Supporters of Hiram Revels countered by stating that the Dred Scott decision applied only to those blacks who were of pure African blood.

Do you see any problems with laws like the Black Code?

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Revel's term lasted

one year, February 1870 to March 3, 1871.

Revels resigned

two months before his term expired

and was appointed the

first president

of

Alcorn Agricultural and Mechanical College

(now

Alcorn State University

) located in Claiborne County, Mississippi, where he also taught

philosophy

.

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Governor Alcorn

In his inaugural address, denounced secession and pledged to be the governor of all the people.

White Mississippians did not accept his philosophy of equality.

Economy of the state improved

Land values increased

Public school system was expanded

Laws of the state were made more

democratic

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In 1873, Alcorn and Ames both ran for governor.

Ames accused Alcorn of deserting Republican policies.

Cooperating too much with conservative whites.

He failed to

protect

blacks

from the violence of the Ku Klux Klan and other

white

groups.

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Ames won the governor’s race, but the campaign split and weakened the Republican party.

The Election of 1873

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Black Political Power

3 hours, 1915

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"it is like writing history with lightning. And my only regret is that it is all so terribly true"

Woodrow Wilson

President

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Benjamin T. MontgomeryFirst Black Office Holder.

In 1868, General Ord appointed him to the office of Justice of the Peace.

Benjamin T. Montgomery, a literate African slave, establish a store on the property.

He was part of Davis Bend, Mississippi was originally founded by planter Joseph E. Davis as a model plantation slave community.

Davis sold the property in 1867 to his former slave Benjamin T. Montgomery.

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Montgomery may have been the first black to hold political office in the state.

Black Mississippians exercised considerable political power during Reconstruction.

They never dominated state politics.

Between 1869 and 1881, blacks held a number of seats in the Mississippi legislature.

In 1873 alone,

fifty-five

were elected to the state house and

thirty-one

to the state senate.

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Speaker of the House

John R. Lynch, 1872

I. D. Shadd, 1874

Secretary of State

James Lynch, 1869

James Hill, 1873

Lieutenant Governor

A. K. Davis, 1873

State Superintendent of Education

Thomas W.

Cardoza

, 1873

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Mayor of Natchez

Robert H. Wood became the first black mayor in Mississippi.

He later served as sheriff of Adams County.

He was probably the first

black

ever elected mayor of an American city.

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John Roy Lynch

Member of the

U.S. House of Representatives

from Mississippi's 6th district.

In officeMarch 4, 1873 - March 3, 1877 and April 29, 1882 - March 3, 1883

Photography in Natchez

Justice of the Peace

Mississippi State Representative

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Blanche K. Bruce

United States Senator from Mississippi.

March 1, 1841 – March 17, 1898

He the

first

African American to serve a full term in the U.S. Senate.

In office

March 4, 1875

 – 

March 3, 1881

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Blanche K. Bruce

Bruce was born in Prince Edward County, Virginia near Farmville to Pettis Perkinson, a white Virginia plantation owner, and an African American house slave named Polly Bruce.

He was educated together with his legitimate half-brother.

His father

legally freed

him and arranged for an apprenticeship so he could learn a trade.

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In 1850, Bruce moved to Missouri after becoming a printer's apprentice.

Bruce taught school and attended Oberlin College in Ohio for two years.

In 1864, he moved to Hannibal, Missouri, where he established a school for blacks.

Bruce became

interested in Mississippi

when he met Samuel Ireland, a

black

politician from Mississippi who invited him to the state to hear a speech by Republican

James L. Alcorn

.

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Bruce liked what he heard, and in 1868 he moved to Floreyville in Bolivar county.

During Reconstruction, Bruce became a wealthy landowner in the Mississippi Delta.

He began life in Mississippi with 75 cents.

He was appointed to the positions of Tallahatchie County

registrar of voters

and

tax assessor

before winning an election for

sheriff

in Bolivar County.

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He established a newspaper, The Floreyville Star.

He was elected to other county positions, including tax collector and supervisor of education.

In February 1874, Bruce was elected by the state legislature to the

United States Senate

.

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The day Bruce took his seat in the Senate in Washington was a proud day for blacks.

It was customary for the state’s senior senator to escort the new senator down the aisle to take the oath.

Who is the senior senator?

James L. Alcorn

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On February 14, 1879, Bruce presided over the U.S. Senate becoming the only former slave to do so.

Senator Alcorn, however, refused to walk with Bruce.

As Bruce made his way down the aisle alone, Senator Roscoe Conkling of New York (for whom Bruce named his only child)

extended the courtesy

.

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Bruce was appointed by President James A. Garfield to be the Register of the Treasury, making Bruce the first black person whose signature was represented on U.S. paper currency.

1896 Silver Certificate

1898 Silver Certificate

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Review

Mississippi’s Black Code

Congressional Reconstruction

Constitution of 1868

Republican Rule in Mississippi

Black Political Power

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Homework

Read pages 144 to 151.