Reconstruction ( 1865-1877) - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Reconstruction(1865-1877)

Section 1Slide2

Key Questions

1. How do we

bring the South

back into the

Union?

2. How do we rebuild the South after itsdestruction during the war?

3. How do weintegrate andprotect newly-emancipatedblack freedmen?

4. Who isresponsibleto controlthe process ofReconstruction?Slide3

What is Reconstruction?

The rebuilding of the South after the Civil War

Terms and Conditions

Emancipation had thrown the agricultural South into chaos

The South must develop a new system of labor to begin to get out of this chasm There were those in Congress that did not want to reconcile with South- Radical Republicans

Prevent Confederate leaders from returning to powerEstablish a strong Republican Party in the SouthGet the Freedmen the right to voteSlide4

President Lincoln’s Plan

10% Plan

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction (December 8, 1863)

Replace majority rule with “loyal rule” in the South.

He didn’t consult Congress regarding Reconstruction.Pardon to all but the highest ranking military and civilian Confederate officers.

When 10% of the voting population in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognized.Slide5

13th Amendment

Ratified in December, 1865.

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

Congress

shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.Slide6

Wade-Davis Bill (1864)the Moderates

Required 50% of the number of 1860 voters to take an “iron clad” oath of allegiance (swearing they had never voluntarily aided the rebellion ).

Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials

.

Abolishing slavery and rejecting the payment of debts incurredNo former Confederate officer or politician could voteEnacted specific safeguards of freedmen’s liberties.

SenatorBenjaminWade(R-OH)CongressmanHenryW. Davis(R-MD)Slide7

President Andrew Johnson

Jacksonian Democrat.

Anti-Aristocrat.

White Supremacist.

Agreed with Lincolnthat states had neverlegally left the Union.

“Damn the negroes! I am fighting these traitorous aristocrats, their masters!”Slide8

President Johnson’s Plan (10%+)

Offered amnesty upon simple oath to all except

Confederate civil and military officers and those with property over $20,000 (they

would have to

apply directly to Johnson)In new constitutions, they must accept minimumconditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts.Named provisional governors in Confederate states and called them to oversee elections for constitutional conventions.

EFFECTS1. Disenfranchised certain leading Confederates.2. Pardoned planter aristocrats brought them back to political power to control state organizations.3. Republicans were outraged that planter elite were back in power in the South!Slide9

Growing Northern Alarm!

Many Southern state constitutions fell short of minimum requirements.

Johnson granted 13,500 special pardons.

Revival of southern defiance.

BLACK CODESSlide10

Black Codes

Purpose:

Guarantee stable labor

supply now that blacks

were emancipated.Restore pre-emancipationsystem of race relations.Forced many blacks to become sharecroppers

[tenant farmers].Enraged the NorthSlide11

The Freedmen’s Bureau

Thousands of freed slaves followed Sherman and his army. To help them get food he set them up on plantation land along the South Carolina coast

As a result of this crisis Congress established the Freedmen’s Bureau

Feed and clothe war refugees

Helped Freedmen find work and negotiated hours and pay on plantationsThe Freedmen’s Bureau made lasting contributions in education. Providing schools, teachers and all black colleges for training

Many African-Americans will leave the South and go west to serve in the army. They became known as Buffalo soldiersSlide12

Establishment of Historically Black Colleges in the South

An important network of African American Colleges began to grow in the SouthSlide13

Civil Rights Act of 1866Gave citizenship to all those born in the United States- except Native AmericansAllowed African-Americans to own property and be treated equally in courtGrants the U.S. government the right to sue those who violate these rightsSlide14

Congress Breaks with the President

Congress bars Southern

Congressional delegates.

Late 1865 Joint

Committee on Reconstruction created.February, 1866  Presidentvetoed the Freedmen’sBureau Bill

.March, 1866  Johnsonvetoed the 1866 Civil Rights Act.Congress passed both bills over Johnson’s vetoes  1st in U. S. history!!Slide15

The 1866 mid-term Election

Johnson’s “Swing around

the Circle”

A referendum on Radical Reconstruction.

Johnson made an ill-conceived propaganda tour around the country to push his plan.

Republicanswon a 3-1majority in both houses and gained control of every northern state.Slide16

Radical Plan for Readmission

Civil authorities in the territories were subject to military supervision.

Required new state constitutions,

including black

suffrage and ratification of the 13th and 14th Amendments.In March, 1867, Congress passed an act that authorized the military to enroll eligible black voters and begin the process of constitution making.Slide17

14th Amendment

Ratified in July, 1868.

Grants citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S.

No state could deprive any person of life, liberty or property- “without due process of law.”

No state could deny any person “equal protection of the laws.

Southern states would be punished for denying the right to vote to black citizens! This is required to re-enterSlide18

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Command of the Army Act

The President must issue all Reconstruction orders through

the commander of the military.

Tenure of Office ActThe President could not remove any officials [esp. Cabinet members] without the Senate’s consent, if the position originally required Senate approval.Designed to protect radical

members of Lincoln’s government.A question of the constitutionality of this law.Edwin StantonSlide19

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

Military Reconstruction Act

Restart Reconstruction in the 10 Southern states that refused to ratify the 14

th

Amendment.Divide the 10 “unreconstructed states” into 5 military districts.Slide20

President Johnson’s Impeachment

Johnson removed Stanton in February, 1868.

Johnson replaced generals in the field who were more sympathetic to Radical Reconstruction.

The House impeached him on February 24

before even drawing up the charges by a vote of 126 – 47!Slide21

The Impeachment

11 week trial.

Johnson acquitted

35 to 19 (one short of required 2/3s vote

).

Johnson did not run in 1868Slide22

1868 Election Presence of Union troops in the South allows African-Americans to vote in large numbersGrant easily wins the electionRepublicans kept majorities in both Houses of CongressSlide23

15th AmendmentRepublican led Congress passes the 15th Amendment to the ConstitutionThe right to vote cannot be denied on account of race, color or previous servitudePart of the Constitution in 1870Women’s rights groups were furious they did not gain the vote!Slide24

Reconstructing SocietySection 2Slide25

The South in RuinNearly all cities had suffered major damage because of the warSouthern Economy is in near collapse

Value of land has dropped significantly- carpetbaggers

CSA money was worthless

2/3 of transportation system is in ruin

Bridges, churches, crop fields are all destroyedSoldiers come home to no jobs, no homesDownload Post Civil War SouthSlide26

Republican RuleBy 1870 all former CSA states had rejoined the UnionDuring Reconstruction many northerners moved South. Many were elected or appointed to government positionsSoutherners who worked with the Republicans and supported Reconstruction were called “scalawags”Southerners viewed them as intruders who wanted to profit off the misfortunes of the South- CarpetbaggersSlide27

Former Slaves Face ChallengesMany searched for their “families” after the warThousands sought out educational opportunitiesMany formed their own churches and established volunteer organizationsSlide28

Blacks in Southern Politics

Core voters were black veterans.

Blacks were politically unprepared.

Blacks could register and vote in states since 1867.

The 15

th Amendment guaranteedfederal voting.Slide29

Thousands of formerly enslaved took part in governing the SouthDelegates to state conventions, local officials, and state as well as

f

ederal legislators

Joseph Rainey was the first African-American elected to the House

Hiram Revels was the first African-American elected to the SenateSlide30

Republican Party gains power in the SouthNew reform measures are enacted as a result...Repealing of Black CodesMaking more state offices electiveEstablishing a system of public schools that all may get an educationSlide31

Forty Acres and a MuleGeorgia and South Carolina Plantation land had been given to freed slaves by Gen. ShermanPresident Johnson overturned thisSharecropping and Tennant FarmingCycle of PovertySlide32

SharecroppingSlide33

TheCollapseof ReconstructionSlide34

Southern Resistance GrowsMany Southern Whites resented African-Americans making themselves equals Some Southerners will organize secret societies such as the Ku Klux KlanTheir goal was to drive out the carpetbaggers and regain control of the South for the Democratic Party

The Klan terrorized supporters of the Republican Party

1870-71 Congress passed the Enforcement ActsSlide35

The “Invisible Empire of the South”Slide36

Coming to an End

During the 1870’s Democrats worked to “redeem” the South and regain control.

Formed militia groups that attacked and intimidated

Some were involved in election fraud, appealing to white racism

By 1876 the Democrats had control over most Southern State LegislaturesThe government was also concerned over westward expansion

and Indian wars.Slide37

Weak as a PresidentGrant believed that his job as President was to carry out laws passed by CongressCongress would develop policyThis leaves the Presidency weak and ineffectiveHelped divide the Republican Party and undermined public support of ReconstructionSlide38

Grant Administration Scandals

Grant presided over an era of

unprecedented

growth and

corruption.Credit Mobilier Scandal.Whiskey Ring.

The “Indian Ring.”Slide39

The Election of 1872

Rumors of corruption

during Grant’s first

term discredit Republicans.

Horace Greeley runsas a Democrat/LiberalRepublican candidate.Greeley attacked as a

fool and a crank. Greeley died on November 29, 1872!Slide40

Paying for the new ReformsMany southern states, to pay for the reforms that are taking place, have to borrow moneyOthers imposed high property taxesHowever some were corrupt gaining money illegallySlide41

The Panic of 1873

It raises “the money

question.”

Caused many small banks to close and the Stock market to

failThousands of businesses close and tens of thousands are unemployed

1874 Democrats win control of the House and gain seats in the Senate6 Year Recession Slide42

Radicals Lose PowerRumors of corruption, now turning to factEconomic crisis across the countryContinued violence in the South against Afrcan-Americans

Supreme Court decisions reducing the protections for African-Americans in the South

A continuing desire for reconciliation between North and South

Many southern states have been “redeemed” by the Democrats

All led to the Radicals losing power and support for African American freedoms across the South waning Slide43

1876 Presidential TicketsSlide44

1876 Presidential ElectionSlide45

A Commission is EstablishedWith the election undecided a commission was established to determine the winner of the 1876 electionThere was so much voter fraud that it was hard to tell who won!Rutherford B. Hayes makes a dealFirst he promises he is only running for one termNext he agrees to

the Compromise of 1877

Last troops will be removed from the South

At least one southerner on the Presidential Cabinet

Hayes would support generous spending on Southern improvementsHayes would allow conservative southern democrats control of the SouthSlide46

Hayes PrevailsSlide47

President Hayes is Moving ForwardIn his inaugural address President Hayes expressed his desire to move out of ReconstructionAlso wanted to put an end to the Nation’s regional differencesSoutherners realized there was no going back to the planter elite times. Instead they wanted a New South with a strong industrial economySlide48

Agriculture was still aroundMost African-Americans now had little power and worked under difficult and unfair conditionsFor them, an end to Reconstruction was a return to the old ways of doing things... A return to the “Old South”Their hopes of gaining their own land had collapsedThey became trapped on the land Slide49

Reconstruction ScorecardAccomplishmentsRepaired the South after the devastating Civil warStimulated economic growthThe passage of the 14

th

and 15

th

AmendmentsThe Freedmen’s BureauPublic EducationFailuresAfrican-Americans, after experiencing a much better way of life, are returned back to povertyThe birth

of the KKKIgnored women and Native AmericansPlessey vs. Ferguson