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Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing - PowerPoint Presentation

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Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing - PPT Presentation

Overview Adapted from the FAD PReP NAHEMS Guidelines Surveillance Epidemiology and Tracing 2014 Introduction to when and why Definitions for technical terms Organizational structure ID: 731560

fad surveillance aphis tracing surveillance fad tracing aphis usda guidelines prep nahems cfsph overview epi disease zone control epidemiology area sampling infected

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Slide1

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing

Overview

Adapted from the

FAD

PReP

/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing (

2014).Slide2

Introduction to when and why

Definitions for technical termsOrganizational structureOverview of Surveillance Plan

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

This PresentationSlide3

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing Activities

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide4

Foreign animal disease (FAD)

Terrestrial or aquatic disease or pest not known to exist in the United StatesHigh pathogenicity avian influenzaFoot-and-mouth-disease

Preventive measures for introduction

Import restrictions

Exclusion activities at borders/ports of entry

Public education programs

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

IntroductionSlide5

FAD investigation

Initiated if an FAD is suspectedForeign Animal Disease DiagnosticianGuidance Document 12001

APHIS FAD

PReP

Manual 4-0Once an FAD is confirmed

Surveillance, epidemiology, and tracing response components are activatedProvide real-time understandingEnable decisions on interventions

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Introduction (cont’d) Slide6

S

urveillance, epidemiology, and tracing techniques are used to:Detect cases

Understand disease characteristics

Identify risk factors

Provide

information for decision-makingDesign

and implement control

measures

Evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures implemented

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

PurposeSlide7

Surveillance

An intensive form of data recording that encompasses gathering, documenting, and analyzing data

Epidemiology

T

he

study of the distribution of disease in populations and of factors that determine its occurrence

Tracing

I

nformation

gathering on recent movements of animals, personnel,

vehicles

, and fomites to identify

potential spread of

disease, and source

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

DefinitionsSlide8

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Zone/Area Designations

Summary of Zone and Area

Designations

Infected Zone (IZ)

Zone that immediately

surrounds an infected Premises

Buffer Zone (BZ)

Zone that immediately surrounds an Infected Zone or Contact Premises

Control Area (CA)

Consists of an Infected Zone and Buffer Zone

Surveillance

Zone (SZ)

Zone outside and along the border of a Control Area

Vaccination Zone (VZ)

Emergency

Vaccination Zone is classified as either Containment Vaccination Zone (typically inside the control area) or Protection Vaccination Zone (typically outside Control Area). This may be a secondary zone designationSlide9

Incident Command System (ICS)

Flexible and scalable Number and names of deployed groups will varyPlanning and Operations Sections

Incident Action Plan

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Incident Command SystemSlide10

Surveillance and Epidemiology

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide11

During an FAD outbreak, surveillance plays a key role in:

Identifying the infectious agentDetermining the scope of the

outbreak

Assessing the effectiveness of eradication and control

efforts

Demonstrating a return to disease free status

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Role of SurveillanceSlide12

Disease description

Surveillance objectivesStakeholders and responsible partiesPopulation descriptionCase definitionsData sources

Sampling methods

Diagnostic tests

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Surveillance Plan ElementsSlide13

Suspect case

Animal showing clinical signs compatible with FADPresumptive positive caseAnimal with clinical signs consistent with FAD and positive test resultsConfirmed positive case

Agent has been isolated and identified using approved tests

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Case DefinitionsSlide14

Data Sources

Livestock producersVeterinariansLivestock organizations

Disease reporting or notification systems

C

ontrol

programsSentinel units

Post mortem diagnostic specimen

c

ollection

Wildlife data

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide15

Considerations for accurate and practical sampling methods:

Sample typeSample sizeRandom sampling vs. targeted sampling

Sampling duration and frequency

Sample areas/locations

Availability of diagnostic

testsPooled testing

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Sampling MethodsSlide16

Types of Specimens

Blood or serumSkin or vesicular

lesions

Epithelial

tissue or

vesicular fluidFeces, rectal swabs, cloacal swabs, or genital tract swabs Nasal

, oral, or oropharyngeal swabs

Nasal

discharge, saliva,

tears

Semen samples

Tissues

T

onsil

, spleen, kidney, liver, lymph node, lung, brain,

etc.

Milk

Environmental

samples

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide17

Surveillance

Ongoing data collection, analysis, interpretation, and disseminationUsed to determine specific actions for FAD mitigationField investigation

Used to collect additional information about cases identified via surveillance

Disease source, history of disease, etc.

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Core Functions Slide18

Analytic studies

Utilizes information gleaned from surveillance activities and field investigationsDisease rates and risk factorsEvaluationEffectiveness

Efficacy

Impact of activities

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Core Functions (cont’d)Slide19

Endemic

Present in a population or geographical area at timesOutbreakOccurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area, or a specific group, over a particular time period

Pandemic

An outbreak/epidemic that has spread over several countries

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Disease Occurrence Slide20

A characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease

May include:AgeSpeciesLocation

Contact

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Risk FactorsSlide21

Prevent contact between the FAD agent and susceptible animals

Quarantine, movement controls, biosecurity procedures, target depopulationStop production of FAD agent by infected or exposed animalsSlaughter or mass depopulation

Increase the disease resistance of susceptible animals to the FAD agent

Emergency vaccination

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Epidemiological Principles Slide22

Generally, disease outbreaks are investigated in three phases:

Descriptive phaseAnalytic phaseIntervention phase

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Phases of InvestigationSlide23

Tracing Animal Movements

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide24

Trace-back

Animals, animal products, fomites, people, vehicles, equipment, and possible vectors that have been moved onto an I

nfected

P

remises

Establish the origin of the agent/hazard

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Tracing Slide25

Trace-forward

Animals, animal products, fomites, people, vehicles, equipment, and possible vectors that have left the

Infected

P

remises

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Tracing (cont’d)Slide26

A variety of strategies are required to contain, control and/or eradicate an FAD

BiosecurityHealth and safetyPersonal protective equipment

Cleaning and disinfection

Quarantine and movement control

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Additional Operational Procedures Slide27

FAD

PReP

/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing, and SOP: Surveillance

http

://

www.aphis.usda.gov/fadprep

Surveillance, Epidemiology,

and Tracing web-based

training module

http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

For More InformationSlide28

Authors

(CFSPH)

Kerry

Leedom

Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM

Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM

Janice

Mogan

, DVM

Courtney Blake, BA

Reviewers (

USDA APHIS VS)

Dr. R. Alex

Thompson

Dr

. Lowell

Anderson

Dr. Steve

Goff

Dr. Fred

Bourgeois

USDA APHIS and CFSPH

FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview

Guidelines ContentSlide29

Acknowledgments

Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from

the

USDA APHIS

Veterinary

Services

PPT Authors:

Patricia

Futoma

, Veterinary

Student; Kerry

Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD,

DACVPM

Reviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM, Melissa Lang, BS