Overview Adapted from the FAD PReP NAHEMS Guidelines Surveillance Epidemiology and Tracing 2014 Introduction to when and why Definitions for technical terms Organizational structure ID: 731560
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Slide1
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing
Overview
Adapted from the
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing (
2014).Slide2
Introduction to when and why
Definitions for technical termsOrganizational structureOverview of Surveillance Plan
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
This PresentationSlide3
Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing Activities
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide4
Foreign animal disease (FAD)
Terrestrial or aquatic disease or pest not known to exist in the United StatesHigh pathogenicity avian influenzaFoot-and-mouth-disease
Preventive measures for introduction
Import restrictions
Exclusion activities at borders/ports of entry
Public education programs
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
IntroductionSlide5
FAD investigation
Initiated if an FAD is suspectedForeign Animal Disease DiagnosticianGuidance Document 12001
APHIS FAD
PReP
Manual 4-0Once an FAD is confirmed
Surveillance, epidemiology, and tracing response components are activatedProvide real-time understandingEnable decisions on interventions
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Introduction (cont’d) Slide6
S
urveillance, epidemiology, and tracing techniques are used to:Detect cases
Understand disease characteristics
Identify risk factors
Provide
information for decision-makingDesign
and implement control
measures
Evaluate the effectiveness of the control measures implemented
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
PurposeSlide7
Surveillance
An intensive form of data recording that encompasses gathering, documenting, and analyzing data
Epidemiology
T
he
study of the distribution of disease in populations and of factors that determine its occurrence
Tracing
I
nformation
gathering on recent movements of animals, personnel,
vehicles
, and fomites to identify
potential spread of
disease, and source
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
DefinitionsSlide8
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Zone/Area Designations
Summary of Zone and Area
Designations
Infected Zone (IZ)
Zone that immediately
surrounds an infected Premises
Buffer Zone (BZ)
Zone that immediately surrounds an Infected Zone or Contact Premises
Control Area (CA)
Consists of an Infected Zone and Buffer Zone
Surveillance
Zone (SZ)
Zone outside and along the border of a Control Area
Vaccination Zone (VZ)
Emergency
Vaccination Zone is classified as either Containment Vaccination Zone (typically inside the control area) or Protection Vaccination Zone (typically outside Control Area). This may be a secondary zone designationSlide9
Incident Command System (ICS)
Flexible and scalable Number and names of deployed groups will varyPlanning and Operations Sections
Incident Action Plan
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Incident Command SystemSlide10
Surveillance and Epidemiology
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide11
During an FAD outbreak, surveillance plays a key role in:
Identifying the infectious agentDetermining the scope of the
outbreak
Assessing the effectiveness of eradication and control
efforts
Demonstrating a return to disease free status
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Role of SurveillanceSlide12
Disease description
Surveillance objectivesStakeholders and responsible partiesPopulation descriptionCase definitionsData sources
Sampling methods
Diagnostic tests
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Surveillance Plan ElementsSlide13
Suspect case
Animal showing clinical signs compatible with FADPresumptive positive caseAnimal with clinical signs consistent with FAD and positive test resultsConfirmed positive case
Agent has been isolated and identified using approved tests
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Case DefinitionsSlide14
Data Sources
Livestock producersVeterinariansLivestock organizations
Disease reporting or notification systems
C
ontrol
programsSentinel units
Post mortem diagnostic specimen
c
ollection
Wildlife data
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide15
Considerations for accurate and practical sampling methods:
Sample typeSample sizeRandom sampling vs. targeted sampling
Sampling duration and frequency
Sample areas/locations
Availability of diagnostic
testsPooled testing
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Sampling MethodsSlide16
Types of Specimens
Blood or serumSkin or vesicular
lesions
Epithelial
tissue or
vesicular fluidFeces, rectal swabs, cloacal swabs, or genital tract swabs Nasal
, oral, or oropharyngeal swabs
Nasal
discharge, saliva,
tears
Semen samples
Tissues
T
onsil
, spleen, kidney, liver, lymph node, lung, brain,
etc.
Milk
Environmental
samples
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide17
Surveillance
Ongoing data collection, analysis, interpretation, and disseminationUsed to determine specific actions for FAD mitigationField investigation
Used to collect additional information about cases identified via surveillance
Disease source, history of disease, etc.
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Core Functions Slide18
Analytic studies
Utilizes information gleaned from surveillance activities and field investigationsDisease rates and risk factorsEvaluationEffectiveness
Efficacy
Impact of activities
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Core Functions (cont’d)Slide19
Endemic
Present in a population or geographical area at timesOutbreakOccurrence of more cases of disease than expected in a given area, or a specific group, over a particular time period
Pandemic
An outbreak/epidemic that has spread over several countries
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Disease Occurrence Slide20
A characteristic that is associated with an increase in the occurrence of a particular disease
May include:AgeSpeciesLocation
Contact
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Risk FactorsSlide21
Prevent contact between the FAD agent and susceptible animals
Quarantine, movement controls, biosecurity procedures, target depopulationStop production of FAD agent by infected or exposed animalsSlaughter or mass depopulation
Increase the disease resistance of susceptible animals to the FAD agent
Emergency vaccination
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Epidemiological Principles Slide22
Generally, disease outbreaks are investigated in three phases:
Descriptive phaseAnalytic phaseIntervention phase
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Phases of InvestigationSlide23
Tracing Animal Movements
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - OverviewSlide24
Trace-back
Animals, animal products, fomites, people, vehicles, equipment, and possible vectors that have been moved onto an I
nfected
P
remises
Establish the origin of the agent/hazard
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Tracing Slide25
Trace-forward
Animals, animal products, fomites, people, vehicles, equipment, and possible vectors that have left the
Infected
P
remises
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Tracing (cont’d)Slide26
A variety of strategies are required to contain, control and/or eradicate an FAD
BiosecurityHealth and safetyPersonal protective equipment
Cleaning and disinfection
Quarantine and movement control
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Additional Operational Procedures Slide27
FAD
PReP
/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epidemiology, and Tracing, and SOP: Surveillance
http
://
www.aphis.usda.gov/fadprep
Surveillance, Epidemiology,
and Tracing web-based
training module
http://naherc.sws.iastate.edu/
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
For More InformationSlide28
Authors
(CFSPH)
Kerry
Leedom
Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM
Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
Janice
Mogan
, DVM
Courtney Blake, BA
Reviewers (
USDA APHIS VS)
Dr. R. Alex
Thompson
Dr
. Lowell
Anderson
Dr. Steve
Goff
Dr. Fred
Bourgeois
USDA APHIS and CFSPH
FAD PReP/NAHEMS Guidelines: Surveillance, Epi, and Tracing - Overview
Guidelines ContentSlide29
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was by the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University through funding from
the
USDA APHIS
Veterinary
Services
PPT Authors:
Patricia
Futoma
, Veterinary
Student; Kerry
Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD,
DACVPM
Reviewers: Janice Mogan, DVM, Melissa Lang, BS