The Prophet Muhammad - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The Prophet Muhammad

Slide LectureSlide2

1.2A Arabia Before MuhammadSlide3

1.2A (cont’d)

A.

Makkah

Important Trade stop

Religious center (

Kaaba

)Fresh waterDiverse population

B. Arabs

Arab (

abhar

= to move or pass)

Bedouins first inhabitants

Origins uncertain

Valued camels and swords

No strong central

gov

.

polytheisticSlide4

1.2A (cont’d)

C.

Quaraysh

Powerful local tribe

Deposit idols in

Kaaba

and promised protection for a feeSlide5

1.2 B Muhammad’s Call to

ProphethoodSlide6

1.2B

Muhammad’s Early Life

Born into

Hashim

family or

Quraysh

tribe

Muhammad means highly praisedDad dies before he was born; mom when he was sixRaised by uncleWorked for

Khadija

, a wealthy widow

Married her; had 7 children- 1 survived

The Divine Revelations

First revelation on retreat to Mt.

Hira

Neighbor convinced him he was a prophet

Revelation that sinners must submit to mercy of God (

islam

)

First converts: wife, cousin, slave, and friend- Abu

Bakr

Not depicted in artworkSlide7

1.2 C Muhammad Spreads the Word of AllahSlide8

1.2 C

A. Muhammad’s Teachings

Major Points

1. only one god

2. all believers equal

3. rich should share with poor

4. live righteously

5. all subjected to judgment day

Miracles

Passed through seven levels of Heaven

Brought spring to

Makkah

B. Angry

Makkans

M. wanted to

abolosh

idols-

Makkans

did not want to

Critical of wealthy merchants

C

. Protection

for the Prophet

Able to remain in

Makkah

because of his powerful and respected familySlide9

1.2 D The Emigration to MadinahSlide10

1.2D

The

Hijrah

Muhammad decided to leave after death of wife

Traveled to

Yatrib

Journey marks the beginning of Islam calendar

Conflict in

Madinah

Muhammad hoped Islam could win converts

Jewish leaders did not accept him as a prophet

Jews who opposed Muhammad expelled from city

First Muhammad instructed prayer toward Jerusalem then changed to the

Kaaba

Muhammad’s Welcome

Accepted by

Yatrib

Jews and Arabs

Both hoped he could prevent civil war

Renamed

city to

Madinah

(City of the Prophet)

Believers call themselves Muslim (those who submit to god’s will)Slide11

1.2 E The Return to MakkahSlide12

1.2 E

Outcomes

More battles fought in years following

Makkans

sieged

Madinah in 627– Battle of Trench630- Muhammad captured

MakkahIdols in the Kaaba were destroyed

632- Muhammad led the Hajj

Dies @ 63 in Mecca, no successor

Told followers to spread message.

The

Quraysh

Became more hostile towards Muslims

Muhammad and his followers

Muhammad’s army, though outnumbered won the Battle of

BadrSlide13

1

st

3 Caliphs: “

Khalifa

” = “Successor”

1. Abu

Bakr: 632-634Close friend and father in law of Muhammad2 problems\

Tribes began leaving after M. died.Others wanted Ali, Muhammad’s son-in-law/cousinExpanded Muslim community into Persia and Byzantium (Modern day Iraq and Syria).Slide14

1st

3 Caliphs, Part 2

Umar

634-644

Defined Dar al Islam (A) and Dar al

Harb

(B)Successfully expanded empire into Egypt, Jerusalem, eastern MediterraneanOrganized empire with governors (emirs) and a tax system

Assassinated by a non-Muslim slave.Slide15
Slide16

1st

3 Caliphs, Part 3

Uthman

644-656

Muhammad’s son-in-law

From powerful Umayyad family in Syria

Accused of nepotism (giving jobs to relatives)Too much poverty while rulers super richMurdered by Egyptian rebels during a protestSlide17

Ali’s Caliphate and the division between Sunnis and

Shi’as

Ali 656-661

Also a son-in-law and a cousin of Muhammad

Heavily opposed, even by Muhammad’s wife

Clan (

Hashim) rivals of Uthman’s clan, wanted his death avenged, Ali couldn’t act fast enough

Moved capitalLots of rebellionAsked to resign, then rival claimed caliphate, then assassinated by another groupSlide18

Ali’s

Cliphate

and Division Between the Sunnis and

Shi’as

Umayyad Clan:

leader,

Mu’awiya, also Syrian governorClaimed Caliphate from

AliBecame SUNNI

Civil War Between Muslims

Mu’awiya

and Ali’s armies fought at

Siffin

Both asked to resign

Neither do,

Kharijites

attempt to kill both

Only kill Ali

Conflict over caliphs creates a permanent split

Hashim

Clan:

Ali a member

Muhammad’s cousin,

memo’d

Qur’an

Became caliph, but

murdered

Became SHIASlide19

A Pivotal Point in Muslim History

Sunni: “custom or practice”

Any devout Muslim could be caliph

Accepted rule of 1

st

3 caliphs

Accepted Umayyad ruleBelieve in idea of “consolidated majority”

Make up 80% of current world population

Shi’a

: “

shia’t

Ali” = Party of Ali

Only relative of Muhammad can be caliph

Ali should have been 1

st

caliph

Ali’s son, Hussein, should have been next caliph, never

Umayyads

.

Only imams (leaders) can interpret Qur’an

Make up 15% of current world population