Islam Syed Bukhari Middle East - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Islam

Syed Bukhari

Middle East

The middle east is a region of the world that includes parts of southwestern Asia and Egypt.

It is generally considered a really hot and desert like climate

There are some fertile lands in the form of Nile, Tigris and Euphrates rivers

It has been the home of two of the most important civilizations

Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia

The growth of some of the largest religions started here as well like Judaism, Christianity and Islam

It was once known as the “near east” but it is today referred to as the middle east

East

 assuming the center of the world is western Europe

The middle east includes

Egypt

Saudia

Arabia

Israel*

Iraq

Iran

Turkey

Syria

Lebanon

Bahrain

Cyprus

Jordan

Kuwait

Oman

Palestine

Qatar

UAE

Yemen

Land mass

The largest land mass in middle east is the Arabian peninsula

It is mostly covered with the Arabian desert

The

arabian

desert is the fourth largest desert in the world

Arab traders have always traveled across the desert on camels

Oasis

 source of water in a desert

Mecca and Medina (

madinah

) are considered oases

Nile River

The Nile river runs from south to north through modern day Sudan and Egypt

It is one of the longest rivers in the world

The fertile land on the banks gave birth to ancient Egypt

Center of trade in ancient, classical and in Greek era, after which romans took over as well

it is a valuable route for people travelling across and for transportation throughout the African continent

The red sea Persian gulf and Arabian sea surround three sides of the Arabian peninsula

It connects people that are living in the area with Indian ocean

There is a trade network that slowly developed along the route

People gained access to knowledge and goods coming in from east Africa, India, Asia and china

Religion

Quran means “the recitation” and it is central to the belief of Muslims

It is the word of Allah which was revealed to prophet Muhammad P.B.U.H by angel Gabriel

It was provided over a duration of 23 years between 610 B.CE and 632 B.CE

It was later recorded by prophet Muhammad's companions

Muslims have often viewed this as the final revelation and complete message to humanit

y

The Quran teaches Muslims on how to conduct themselves, law, faith and practice religious and daily life aspects

Hadith: hadiths are recorded sayings and actions of prophet Muhammad

Each hadith has two components

A chain of narrators listed so the reader knows exactly who is telling the story

There has to be text describing prophet Muhammad's actions or the words

Individual hadith are classified by Muslim clerics as authentic or weak because there were concerns that people might fabricate some things

They were compiled during the 8

th

and 9

th

century Muslim rule

On the authority of Abdullah

ibn

U

mar

ibn

Al

K

hattab

(may Allah be pleased with him) who said: I heard the messenger of Allah (peace be upon him) say: “Islam has been built on five pillars: testifying that there is no god but Allah and that Muhammad is the messenger of Allah, performing the prayers, paying the zakat, making the pilgrimage to the house of Allah, and fasting during the month of Ramadan

Sira

: these are traditional Muslim biographies of Muhammad. The earliest surviving biographies are the

Life of apostle of god, by

I

bn

I

shaq

(d. 768) edited by

I

bn

H

isham

(d. 833); and Al

W

aqidi

(d.822) biography (

S

ira

) of

M

uhammed

.

Ibn

I

shaq

wrote his biography some 120-130 years after prophet Muhammad's death

The Rashidun

Caliphate

The first of the four major caliphates were established after the death of prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H)

Rashidun

 the rightly guided (part of

sunni

Islam)

The Shia

muslims

do not consider the first three caliphates to be legitimate which creates a divide among the

muslim

community

The topic of Shia and Sunni's to this day is a sensitive topic

The

rashidun

caliphates is characterized by a period of 25 years in which rapid military expansions were made

It was followed by a period of great internal strife within the Muslim factions

The first leader of the caliphate was Abu

Bakr

Succeeded by Umar and after the assassination of Umar in 644

He was succeeded by

U

thman

and was chosen as the leader by a six person committee appointed by Umar himself

He was also assassinated in 656 C.E

He was succeeded by Ali who presided over the civil war which is known as the “first

fitna

”

Uthman’s

cousin

vs

the people who supported the caliphate of Ali

The civil war created a permanent divide among the

S

unni and Shia Muslims

The Shia Muslims believed that Ali was the first rightful caliph

The war was decided in the favor of the faction of

Muawiyah

who established the Umayyad caliphate in 661 C.E

The second of the major caliphates established after the passing away of the prophet Muhammad

(P.B.U.H

)

Muawiya

was the long time governor of Syria

Damascus was the capital of the Umayyad dynasty