The World of Islam Chapter 6 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

The World of Islam

Chapter 6Slide2

STANDARD WHI.8a

The student will demonstrate knowledge of Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. (C.E.) by

describing the origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam;

Origins of Islam

• Muhammad, the Prophet

• Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities

Spread of Islam

• Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain

• Geographic extent of first Muslim empire

Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam

• Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for “God”)

• Qur’an (Koran): The word of God

• Five pillars of Islam

• Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus

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b) assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade;

Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam

• Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina

• Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers

• Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires

Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development

• Political unity of the first Muslim empire was short-lived.

• Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands.

• Slavery was not based on race.

c) identifying historical turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi’a division, and the Battle of Tours;

Historical turning points

• Death of Ali - Sunni-Shi’a division

• Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus

• Islamic capital moved to Baghdad

• Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours

• Fall of Baghdad to the Mongols Slide4

d) citing cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.

Cultural contributions and achievements

• Architecture (Dome of the Rock)

• Mosaics

• Arabic alphabet

• Universities

• Translation of ancient texts into Arabic

Scientific contributions and achievements

• Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero)

• Algebra

• Medicine

• Expansion of geographic knowledge

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The Rise of Islam

The Arabs

Arose in the Arabian Peninsula and influenced Western Asia and beyond.

They were a

nomadic, Semitic-speaking people who lived in the arid climate of the Arabian Peninsula.

The

environment was harsh

, they were organized into

tribes and were led by a sheikh

who was chosen from a council of elders. The tribes were

independent, but worked togetherSlide6

Early Religion

-

Most Early Arabs were polytheistic,

many recognized a chief, or supreme

god who they called Allah which is

Arabic for “God.”

-Allah was symbolized by a sacred stone, each tribe had their own stone, but there was one central stone called the Black stone which was placed in the shrine called the Kaaba.

-This shrine was located in the city of Makkah (Mecca) in what is now Saudi Arabia.Slide7

Trade

The Arabian Peninsula became an important center for trade. The city of Mecca became rich from the caravan trade traffic which passed through the area.

The

domestication of the camel enabled traffic to cross the deserts

and as empires grew up in the region trade increased greatly.

As the merchants became rich from the Caravan traffic the life of the poor people of the area suffered.Slide8

The Life of Muhammad

Muhammad was born in Makkah in present-day Saudi Arabia to a merchant family. His parents died when he was young and he ended up living with his uncle who was a merchant and he became a caravan manager.

Muhammad in

Arabic CalligraphySlide9

Muhammad married an older widow named Khadija

.

Over time, he

found the richness and corruption of the merchants and townspeople to be troubling.

He

decided to visit the hills to meditate. Muslims believe that while he was meditating in the hills he received revelations from God through the Angel Gabriel

.Slide10

Muhammad’s Revelation

Muslims believe the Angel Gabriel told Muhammad to recite what he heard, it was believed that Allah had already revealed himself through Moses and Jesus, but now had a final revelation for man.

This final revelation became the religion of Islam. Which means submission to the will of God.Slide11

The Quran (Koran)The revelations to Muhammad were written down by scribes and became known as

The

Quran

, which is the holy book of Islam.

The Quran

contains ethical

guidelines and laws by which Muslims (followers of Islam) should live their lives. Slide12

The Nature of The Quran

The Quran

is written in Arabic, which was the language of Muhammad.

The Quran

is considered to only be true when it is written in its original language. Translations are thought to lose the true meaning of the original words

which are believed to be a direct revelation from God.

The Muslim observance of Ramadan is to commemorate the recording of the holy text. Slide13

After the Revelation

After Muhammad received his revelation he went to his wife

Khadija, she was his first convert to the new religion

.

He began to try to convert the people of Makkah to his message, but he was unsuccessful.

After three years he was

forced to go to the city of

Yathrib, which later became Medina. This flight, or migration, is known as the

Hijrah

and marks the beginning of the Muslim calendar

. This was in the year 622 CE.Slide14

Acceptance in the city of the Prophet

In Yathrib, renamed

Medina (which means the city of the prophet) Muhammad was accepted and gained followers.

One of the groups which converted to the new religion of Islam were the

Bedouins

who were desert Arabs. This

new community became the first to practice the religion.

After several years,

Muhammad became both a spiritual and political leader, there was not an idea of the separation of church and state. He raised an army and conquered the city of Makkah. Slide15

The Kaaba

After Muhammad took the city of Makkah he cleansed the Kaaba of idols and dedicated it to Allah, who he taught was the one true God.

All Muslims are encouraged to make a pilgrimage to Makkah known as the Hajj at least once in their life if they are physically and financially able.Slide16

The Teachings of Muhammad

Islam is Monotheistic

, like Judaism and Christianity.

Islam teaches a belief in an afterlife, those who hope to achieve this afterlife must submit to the will of Allah.

Muslims do not believe the Muhammad was divine, they believe that he was a man.

Islam is seen not just as a religion, but as a way of life. Slide17

Muslims believe that Islam was God’s final revelation for mankind. Muslims feel that in order to achieve salvation that they must obey the will of Allah, or God.

In order to do this they must follow the five major principles of Islam known as the Five Pillars of Islam.Slide18

The Five Pillars of Islam

1-Declaration of Faith

Muslims must state that there is not God but Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.

2.

Daily Prayer

Muslims must pray five times a day facing the Kaaba in Mecca.

Pre Dawn

Noon

Afternoon

Sunset

EveningSlide19

Five Pillars Continued . . . 3.

Charity

Muslims are supposed to help others and donate part of their income to charity.

4.

Fasting-Ramadan

Muslims must fast from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan which celebrates the recording of the

Quran

.Slide20

Hajj

5.

Pilgrimage: Hajj

The fifth pillar of Islam is the Hajj.

Once in a lifetime, if they are physically and financially able , Muslims are to journey to Mecca (Makkah) in Saudi Arabia and perform the rituals of the Hajj.Slide21

Islamic Law

After the death of Muhammad there were further interpretations of his teachings. These are known as the Hadith

. There are different versions of the Hadith for different branches of Islam.

These teachings were further interpreted in the

Shari’ah

. This is a set of laws which regulate many aspects of Muslim life. It does not separate between church and state and covers family life, business, government, and moral conduct.

Muslims are expected to practice honesty and justice in dealing with others and are forbidden to gamble, eat pork, drink alcohol, or engage in dishonest behavior

.Slide22

Facts about Islam

Quran

(Koran)-Holy book of Islam

Muslim-

A follower of Islam

Mosque-

A Muslim House of Worship

Minarets- The towers located on a Mosque from which the Muezzin calls the faithful to prayer.

MinaretSlide23

Section 2

The Arab Empire and its SuccessorsSlide24

Creation of An Arab Empire

After the death of Muhammad, unity was difficult to maintain.

The friend and father-in-law of Muhammad,

Abu Bakr, was chosen to be the first Caliph, or successor to Muhammad.

Abu Bakr

helped to unify the Muslim world and expanded in Arabia and beyond

.

Under the idea of jihad, or

“struggle in the way of God”

the early Muslims expanded their territory. The believed that

defensive warfare

was permitted by the

Quran

.Slide25

Arab Rule

The Arabs were now united and expanded their territory instead of fighting each other.

They defeated the Byzantine army in 636 taking the province of Syria. By 642 they took Egypt and by 650 they controlled the Persian EmpireSlide26

After Abu Bakr died there was conflict over who would be the next Caliph.

The next two Caliphs were both assassinated.

After that Muhammad’s son-in-law

Ali was

appointed Caliph,

but five years later

he too was assassinated. Slide27

Administration

Muslims administrators were fairly tolerant of the people they defeated.

Initially, both Christians and Jews were allowed to practice their religions, with some restrictions, because they were “People of the Book” who had written scriptures revealed to them by God before the time of Muhammad.

Those who chose not to convert had to be loyal to the Muslim state and pay a special tax. Slide28

The Umayyad Dynasty

At the beginning of the eighth century Islam had expanded across northern Africa and had converted the Berbers (a pastoral people along the Mediterranean coast) to the faith.

By 710 combined Berber and Arab forces crossed the Strait of Gibraltar into

Spain

and had taken most of the country by 725

. In 732, however, the Muslim advance into Europe was halted at the Battle of Tours. Slide29

By 750 the Muslim advance came to an end. The southern and eastern Mediterranean and parts of the old Roman Empire were now Muslim territory.

The Umayyad Dynasty was centered in Damascus, in modern-day Syria and was wealthy. This was also a very diverse empire as many different peoples had been conquered in new territory.

The diversity helped lead to a split within the Islamic faithSlide30

The Umayyad EmpireSlide31

A Split in IslamMany non-Arab Muslims resent the favoritism which the Umayyad Empire showed toward Arabs

.

The large empire was difficult to rule efficiently and there were financial problems as well. Slide32

The Revolt of Hussein

The grandson of Muhammad, Hussein, led a revolt against the Umayyad Empire in 680.

His solders defected

and he was killed

by an overwhelming Umayyad force.

This struggle led to a split within the faith of Islam between Sunni and Shi’a (Shiite) Muslims

.Slide33

Sunni vs. Shi’a (Shiite)

Sunni

Muslims supported the Umayyad Dynasty. They believe the Caliph does not need to be a direct descendant of Muhammad

.

Shi’a

Muslims supported Hussein and believe that the Caliph should be a direct descendant of Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and his grandson. Slide34

Umayyad Architecture

Dome of the RockSlide35

The Abbasid DynastyAmidst growing resentment toward the Umayyad Dynasty Abu al-Abbas, a descendent of Muhammad’s uncle, overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty in 750 and est. the Abbasid Dynasty.

The Dynasty lasted until 1258 A.D.Slide36

Abbasid Rule

The Abbasids moved the capital of their empire to Baghdad.

This move increased Persian influence and changed Abbasid culture.

Under this dynasty the new heroes were judges, merchants, and government officials.

This dynasty did not favor Arab rule and the empire became more culturally diverse.Slide37

Harun al-RashidThe greatest of the caliphs of the dynasty. This is called the golden age of the Abbasid Dynasty (Caliphate)

He was known for his charity and was a great supporter of culture and the arts.

His son continued the tradition and supported the study of astronomy and began to translate classical Greek works into Arabic.Slide38

Trade

Baghdad became a major crossroads for trade.

This made the city very wealthy.

This also helped spread products and knowledge from the Middle East to parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe.Slide39

Government Administration

The government of the Abbasids became more like a monarchy.

The bureaucracy which assisted the Caliph became more complicated.

In order to assist him the Caliph appointed a

Vizier

who was like a prime minister.

This man was the chief advisor to the Caliph and would help him run the government.Slide40

The Abbasid DynastySlide41

Decline and Division

There was great difficulty in the Abbasid Dynasty with imperial succession.

There was also financial corruption.

Caliphs began to recruit from non-Arab groups for government administration such as the Turks and the Persians.

These groups came to dominate the political situation.Slide42

Rulers of provinces began to break away and establish independent kingdoms

.

Spain

had an independent Caliphate at

Cordoba

which had been established in 750 by Umayyad rulers who fled the Abbasid Dynasty.

Morocco became independent.

The Fatimid dynasty was established in Egypt with the capital at Cairo in 973.Slide43

Seljuk Turks and the Crusades

As the Fatimid Dynasty in Egypt became more powerful they became the new center of the Muslim world

.

One group which came to power in this region were the

Seljuk Turks.

The Turks played a large role in the military and many rose through the ranks to gain a lot of political power.Slide44

The Turks were originally a nomadic people who converted to Islam and were great soldiers in the Abbasid caliphate.As the Abbasids weakened, the Turks became stronger moving into the areas of Iran and Armenia. They eventually took over many Abbasid territories.Slide45

The Sultan

The Turks were ruled by a

Sultan

, meaning “holder of power.”

While the Abbasids were still a religious authority when

the Turks captured Baghdad they were the military and political leaders of the state

.

The Turks in the second half of the 11th century kept putting pressure on the Byzantine Empire. In 1071 they defeated the Byzantine army at Manzikert and gained control of Asia Minor (Anatolian Peninsula)

In desperation, the Byzantine Empire turned to the West for help. This led to a series of wars known as The Crusades.Slide46

The Crusades

The Byzantine Emperor Alexius I sent a letter to the Pope (Urban II) asking for help against the Turks.

This led to a series of wars in 1096 known as The Crusades.

At first the Crusaders were successful and took the city of Jerusalem.

In 1187 the Muslim leader Saladin retook the city, leaving the Christians with only a small collection of land holdings in the Middle East.

The Crusades had a lasting impact-breeding centuries of mistrust between the Muslim world and the Christian World.Slide47

The Mongol Threat

The Mongols were a pastoral, horse-riding people who swept out of the Gobi in the early 13

th

century to seize control over much of the known world.

The were not Muslims and find it difficult to adapt to city life.

The spread destruction across Asia into Muslim territory.

The Invasion began with Genghis Khan and was continued under the leadership

Kublia

Khan and

Hulegu

.

They seized Mesopotamia Persia and Mesopotamia destroying the city of Baghdad in 1258

The Mongols made it as far as the Red Sea, but were unable to take Egypt.

Over time the Mongol rulers converted to Islam and rebuilt the Muslim world. Slide48

Section 3: Islamic CivilizationSlide49

Prosperity in the Islamic World

The Muslim empires carried on extensive trade with China, the Byzantine Empire, India, and SE Asia.

Trade was done by ship and by camel caravans which traveled from Morocco in to West to the countries beyond the Caspian Sea in Central Asia.

Goods

Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves

China: Silk and Porcelain

E. Africa: Gold and Ivory

SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices.

Egypt: Grain

Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones

W. India: Textiles

The development of banking helped to facilitate trade and eventually influenced European banking systems during the European Renaissance

.Slide50
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The Role of Cities

Flourishing trade led to wealthy and successful cities.

Baghdad-Was known as the city of peace and was highly successful under the Abbasids

Cairo: Was part of the Fatimid Dynasty

Cordoba: Capital of Umayyad Spain

Cities had

Palaces for the Caliphs and mosques for worship.

There were also public buildings with fountains, courtyards, public baths, and a bazaar.Slide52

The Bazaar

The covered market was a central part of each Muslim city.

There were high standards for business and sanitation.

It was a place where people could acquire both goods and services.Slide53

AgricultureWhile cities were expanding a vast majority of the people still lived in the country and made their living in agriculture

.

Originally the land was owned by peasants, but was eventually bought by aristocrats and was worked by slave labor.Slide54

Islamic Society

Islam is considered more than just a religion, it is seen as a way of life that encompasses politics, economics, and social life.

According to the

Quran

,

all people were equal in the eyes of Allah, but in reality, the Muslim Empires did not follow this ideal. There was a well developed upper and lower class.

Non-Muslims were not considered equal to Muslims and slavery was widespread (as in the rest of the ancient world). Slaves were usually non-Muslims because Islamic law made it illegal for one Muslim to enslave another.

Slaves served in the military or served as domestic servants.

Slaves could sometimes purchase their freedom and it was considered a good act to free ones slaves.Slide55

The Role of Women

Originally, the

Quran

granted women spiritual and social equality with men. Both men and women were to be friends and protectors of one another.

Women could earn a living and own and inherit property. They played a prominent role in the rise of Islam.

Men and Women had assigned social duties, but most societies in which Islam arose were male dominatedSlide56

Women in these societies had to have a male guardian and parents arranged marriages for their children.

Men could have up to four wives, but they had to pay a dowry (gift of money or property) to their wives’ families.

Women did have the right to divorce and adultery was forbidden for both men and women.

After the spread of Islam local traditions began to assert themselves and many of the rights that were initially given to women in Islam were replaced by older traditions which denied women equal rights. A similar thing happened to the rights of early Christian women once Christianity became merged with Roman influence.Slide57

The Veil

The veil worn by Muslim women is traditionally called the

Hijab

.

The ideal of women wearing veils was common in many Middle Eastern cultures before the advent of Islam.

In Ancient Mesopotamia a veil was a symbol of status, purity, and moral character.

There is some controversy over this use of these veils today. There are different interpretations of this tradition in different parts of the Muslim world. In general, women and men are supposed to dress modestly, the degree of that modesty varies from region to region according to local custom and tradition.Slide58

In the Quran the

Hijab

has different meanings it can mean a curtain or partition dividing rooms--in other verses it is a sacred divide between the earth and holy, god and human, light and dark, and men and women.

The Hijab covers the head and Neck

The Chador covers the full body with a head scarf underneath.

The Burka (Burqa) is a veil that completely covers the face and body.

The covering that women wear varies from country to country.Slide59

Section 4: Culture of IslamSlide60

Philosophy, Science, and History

The Arab world was aware of Greek thought and had been in the process of translating and preserving these works for years. This becomes very important later on when this knowledge is rediscovered by Europe during The Renaissance.

The knowledge of the Muslim world was preserved in Baghdad in a library known as the

House of Wisdom

. Slide61

Preservation of Knowledge

Muslim scholars helped to preserve the knowledge of Greece and Rome by translating works and making them available to other scholars.

It is because of this that European scholars were able to rediscover the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers.

In the twelfth century these works were translated into Latin .

The discovery of paper-making technology from China made this much easier. Slide62

Islamic AdvancementsMuslims scholars not only preserved works of Greek philosophy, they also interpreted the works and wrote extensive commentary on them

.

The Muslim philosopher Ibn-Rushd wrote on nearly all of Aristotle’s works. Slide63

Math and ScienceMuslim scholars adopted and passed on the numerical system of India, and the use of zero. These numbers came to be known in the west as

Arabic numbers

.

A ninth-century Arab mathematician also developed

algebra

.Slide64

Astrolabe

Muslims also studied astronomy which led to the development of the

Astrolabe. This instrument was used for naval navigation by observing the positions of the stars and other heavenly bodies.

This invention made it possible for European sailors to sail to the Americas.Slide65

MedicineThe Muslims philosopher and scientist Ibn Sina wrote a medical encyclopedia which explained contagious diseases.

This became the foundation for later European medical advancements. Slide66

HistoryThe Muslims historian Ibn-Khaldun lived in the 14

th

century.

This book, Introduction to History proposed a cyclical view of history with the rise and fall of civilizations. Slide67

Literature

Many Muslims consider the

Quran

to be the greatest work of Muslim literature, but there was a strong oral tradition prior to the

Quran

which continued to have influence.

The poet Omar Khayyam

. He was a twelfth century Persian poet, mathematician, and astronomer. The wrote about many different themes and his poems were recorded by his friends after his death. Slide68

The 1001 Nights/Arabian Nights

Probably the most famous piece of Muslim literature is the

1001 Nights or Arabian Nights.

This is a

collection of stories based around a central theme.

The Sultan king of Baghdad wishes to kill his wife on their wedding night. The princess Scheherazade tells him stories each night to prevent her death, eventually winning him over.

The tales include the familiar stories of

Aladdin

and

Ali Baba and the forty thieves.Slide69

Art and Architecture

Islamic art is a blend of Arab, Turkish, and Persian traditions.

Islamic art and architecture is guided by the

Quran

which forbids of representation of living beings. So mosques and palaces are decorated with floral motifs and geometric patterns (known as arabesque) and Arabic script.Slide70

The Great Mosque at Samarra

In present-day Iraq, it was the largest mosque at the time.

It covered 10 acres.

Most famous section is the minaret, or tower, it is from this tower that the Muezzin, or crier calls the faithful to prayer five times a day.Slide71

Great Mosque of Cordoba, Spain

Ninth-century mosque in southern Spain. Its hundreds of columns support horseshoe arches and make it seem like a forest of trees. Slide72

Arabesque and Calligraphy

Since depictions of living things are forbidden many Mosques are decorated with Arabesque and Arabic Calligraphy.Slide73
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