Medicinal uses amp philosophy of plants in Chinese culture Jer Ming Hu Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University 本著作除另有註明外採取 創用 CC ID: 376510
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Slide1
The yin and yang of plants
Medicinal uses & philosophy of plants in Chinese culture
Jer-Ming HuInstitute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology National Taiwan University
本著作除另有註明外，採取
創用
CC
「姓名標示－
非商業性－相同方式分享」台灣
3.0版授權釋出Unless noted, the course materials are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Taiwan (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0)
Introduction to the biodiversity of TaiwanSlide2
YANG
YINfront
back
outside
inside
moving
still
up
downwarmth
coldSlide3
Five phases theory
Heart
Small intestine
Kidney
Urinary bladder
Generating Interaction
Overcoming Interaction
Wiki
Benoît
Stella alias
User:BenduKiwi
yin
Lung
Large intestine
Spleen
Stomach
Liver
Gall bladder
yangSlide4
Tongue Diagnostics
Normal
Qi Deficiency
Heat
Damp
Retention
Blood Stasis
Qi Stagnation
Damp HeatYang DeficiencyYin DeficiencyBloodDeficiencyNational Taiwan University Jer
-Ming HuSlide5
NASA
World Wind JAVA SDK
Traditional Chinese medicine (中醫)Kampo漢方医学
Hangul
한의학
zhōng
yī
中醫VCTđông ySlide6
Wiki User:
Itsmine
2000
1000
AD 0
Shen-Nong
ben
cao
(神農本草)-252 plant speciesBen cao jing ji zhu (本草經集注) by Tao Hong-Jing (陶弘景)
Tang ben cao
(唐本草) by Ching Su (蘇敬)
500
659
1578
Ben cao gang mu
(
本草綱目
) by Li Shi zhen (
李時珍
)
-1095 plant species (58%)
Wiki
Uploader
:
SnowyowlsSlide7
Properties of Chinese herbs
Four qi (si-qi 四性)Cold (yin), cool, warm, hot (yang), and neutralFive flavors (tastes, wu-wei 五味) - effectsPungent - vitalizing; activating bloodSweet - tonifying or harmonizingSour - astringent or consolidates
Bitter - dispelling heat; detoxifyingSalty - softening or purgingSlide8
General categories of Chinese medicines
Tonifying qi (補氣)Treating deficiency of qiGinseng, shouwu, wolfberry, Tonifying (nourishing) yang (heat) (補陽)Tonifying (nourishing) yin (cold) (補陰)
Resolving stasis (activate blood) (去瘀活血)Clearing heat (清熱)Tonifying blood (養血)
WHO traditional medicine terminology in western Pacifics
Flickr
SqueakyMarmotSlide9
Wiki
FloraFarm GmbH / Katharina LohrieGinseng (Panax ginseng)
Member of aralia family (Araliaceae)Containing ginsenoside (steroid glycosides)Used as adaptogen, aphrodisiacs
Wiki
Scanned and processed by MarilunaSlide10
Hoshouwu
(Fallopia multiflora) 何首烏Member of buckweed
family (Polygonaceae)It is said to be able to rejuvenate the bodyWiki Fanghong
Wikimedia Commons
BadagnaniSlide11
Forestry Bureau,
Council
of Agriculture, Executive YuanCamphor fungus
Camphor fungus (
Antrodia camphorata) is thought to have anti-cancer activitiesOnly grown on Bull’
s camphor tree, which is rare and endemic to Taiwan (IUCN status: EN) ~USD$17000 or more per kg.
Flickr plj.
johnny
Taitung Forest District Office, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive YuanSource:
http://www.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56571&ctNode=2323&mp=350 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.Forestry Bureau
(
行政院農業委員會林務局臺東林區管理處
)
著作權聲明Slide12
Caterpillar fungus (
冬蟲夏草)Caterpillar fungus (yartsa gunbu in Tibetan) is a result of relationship between fungus Cordyceps
and the larva of the ghost moth, which lives only on Tibetan Plateau.Nourishing yang, tonifying lungA famous Chinese medicine claimed to have anti-tumor, anti-viral activities.Wiki Uploader
:
Rafti Institutehttp://www.springerlink.com/content/27j742782615320g/
Winkler. 2008. Economic Botany. Vol. 62. pp. 291-305
Picasa Felix WayneSlide13
Herbs tonifying yang
Cynomorium songaricum (
Suo-yang, Cynomoriaceae)-Invigorates kidney
Epimedium
brevicornu (yi-yang-
huo, Berberidaceae)
Active ingredient:
icariinePlant Photo Bank of ChinaPicasa Yibing WuPlant Photo Bank of China
Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=177635
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)
，根據
著作權聲明
與
中華人民共和國著作權法第
22
條
，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品
Source:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=38020
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (
中國植物圖像庫
)
，根據
著作權聲明
與
中華人民共和國著作權法第
22
條
，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品Slide14
Herbs tonifying yang
Eucommia ulmoides
(duzhong 杜仲, sole member of Eucommiaceae)
Eucommia
tea is popular for reducing weight
Flickr jennyhsu47
Wiki Sten
Porse
Flickr Ordinary daily life of yoshinokichiSlide15
Herbs tonifying ‘yin’
Solomon’s seal (Huangjing, Tiger’s ginger, Polygonatum
sibiricum, lily family)Nourish spleen and lungIt is said to have anti-aging featurePlant Photo Bank of ChinaPlant Photo Bank of China
Source:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=532856
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)
，根據
著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=55589 This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)，根據
著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第
22條，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品Slide16
Wolfberry (
Lycium barbarum & L. chinense)It is traditionally used in cardiovascular and vision-related diseases, and believed to have anticancer and immunomodulatory properties.
Chrysanthemum wolfberry tea
Wiki User:
Topjabot
Flickr FotoosVanRobin
Flickr redpolkadotSlide17
The cultivation of wolfberry in China is over 2 million acres.
One of the many recognized ‘superfruit’
Flickr ckngai123 Flickr ruifipieggioSlide18
Herbs with ‘hot/warm’ property
Siler (fang-feng 防風, Saposhnikovia divaricata)
Pungent tastes, warmTreating cold symptomsPlant Photo Bank of ChinaPlant Photo Bank of China
Source:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=17777
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫
)
，根據著作權聲明與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品Source: http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=788247 This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China” (中國植物圖像庫)，根據著作權聲明
與中華人民共和國著作權法第22條
，本資料庫係以合理使用方式利用本件作品Slide19
Herbs with
‘cold’ propertyMint (Mentha
haplocalyx)Pungent, coldPromote sweating to release the exterior
Mint tea is said can ease stomach discomfort
Flickr
Zanthia
Picasa Sian Liu
Wikispecies
DoronenkoSlide20
Tonifying (nourishing) blood
Di huang (Rehmannia
glutinosa 地黃)Raw di-huang (生地)
Reduce heat
Treating yin deficiency
Processed di-huang (熟地
)Enrich yin
Active ingredient:
rehmannioside, aucubinDried Rehmanniae radixWiki
Schizhao
Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health, Executive Yuan Slide21
Formulas: compound medicineThe principles
SovereignPrincipal curative actionMinisterHelp strengthen the principal actionAssistant
Treats the combined syndrome, relieves secondary symptomsCourierDirects action to the affected meridian/channel or siteProhibited combination18 antagonisms, 19 incompatibilitiesSlide22
Famous compound formulas
Siwu
tang (four substance soup 四物湯)Dong quai
(Angelica sinensis)
Chinese peony
(Paeonia
lactiflora)
Szechuan lovage rhizome (Chuan xiong, Ligusticum wallichii)Di
huang (Rehmannia glutinosa
地黃)
Wiki Ulf
Eliasson
Wiki
Schizhao
Flickr
Christabelle‧迴紋
針
Picasa Sian LiuSlide23
Photo by National
Taiwan University Jer-Ming HuSlide24
Famous compound formulas
Nin Jiom Per Pa Koa (川貝枇杷膏
)Fritillary: bitter, cold; moisten lung
Loquat leaf: bitter, cold; moisten lung and suppress coughing
京都念慈菴
Photo by Wiki Cybergoth
Wiki User: Oldie
Flickr
tanakawhoSlide25
Famous compound formula
Seirogan (正露丸), a Taiko pharmaceutical drugTreating loose stool and diarrhea
Ingredient:Wood creosoteSeirgoan
(正露丸
) Photo by Flickr LiuTao
http://www.seirogan.co.jp/tc/products/seirogan/truth/
smell.htmlhttp://www.seirogan.co.jp/tc/products/
seirogan/truth/color.htmlSlide26
Gambir
(
Uncaria gambir, Rubiaceae)Anti-diarrheal
Phellodendron
bark (Phellodendron
amurense, Rutaceae)
Anti-diarrheal or bitter tasting stomachicTreatment of bruises or sprains (externally)
Glycyrrhiza
(licorice, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Fabaceae)Analgesic or antispasmodic agent, and expectorantCitrus unshiu peel (Citrus unshiu,
Rutaceae)Stomach medicine
Wiki
Kurt
StüberSlide27
Yin and yang of daily food
Chili pepperPungent, hot
Ginger
Pungent, warm
Pumpkin
Sweet, warm
Cabbage
Sweet, neutral
Celery
Sweet, cool
Spinach
Sweet, cool
Bamboo shoot
Sweet, cold
Cherry
Sweet, warm
Guava
Sour, warm
Apple
Sour, sweet, neutral
Orange/Tangerine
Sweet, sour, cool
Banana
Sweet, coldSlide28
Flickr
ezezfun
WatermelonCool
Flickr
Abura
Yu
National Taiwan University Jer-Ming HuSlide29
Mint herb tea
Flickr Jimmy.White
Flickr xamous
Picasa
曾坤發Slide30
Aiyu (
Ficus pumila)National Taiwan University
Jer-Ming Hu
National Taiwan University
Jer-Ming Hu
Wiki User:
takoradee
Wiki Onlymyself65536Slide31
Starfruit
(carambola, Averrhoa carambola)
Origin in tropical AsiaSweet, sour, coldNourishing lungContains oxalic acid, therefore harmful to the ones with kidney failure
Flickr
JimmyHsu
/ 毛導Slide32
Drinks preventing
‘cold’, promoting ‘heat’Ｇ
inger tea
Na
tional Taiwan University Jer-Ming Hu
Flickr ting0308
Ｇ
inger
tea + Sweet PotatoFlickr Patricia W.Slide33
Longan
& red dates tea
Longan (Dimocarpus longan, Sapindaceae)
Red dates (
Ziziphus
jujuba,
Rhamnaceae)
Picasa Art Vogel
Flickr lumeiSlide34
Wiki
DryPot
Different properties in bean families
Cold/cool
Neutral
mung
bean
tofu
uradbean sproutsoybean
broad bean
soy milk
Wiki
Sanjay
Acharya
Wiki User:
Sanjay Ach
Picasa
Rosa
Aleida
Restrepo
Becerra
Flickr
stu_spivack
Slide35
Different parts of plants can have different properties
Coconut ‘meat’ (solid endosperm): neutral
Coconut ‘milk’ (liquid endosperm): warm
Flickr
EtherHSlide36
Wiki
Wikimol
Different ways of preparation can change property
Fresh leaf
Partial oxidation
Full oxidation
Green tea
Oolong tea
Black teaUnwilted and unoxidizedSweet, cold
Wilted, bruised, partially oxidized
Sweet, neutral to cool
Wilted and fully oxidized
Sweet, warm
Wiki
Uploader
:
lateasquirrel
Flickr shihwy1Slide37
Wiki
W.A. Djatmiko (Wie146)
Durian (Durio, Malvaceae)
“
King of fruits”
Sweet, hotIndescribable smell...
Neutralizing the effects of yin and yang
Wiki
User: Markalexander100Wiki User: BorgQueenSlide38
Wiki
User: KayEssPurple
mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana)“Queen of fruits
”
Sweet, coldSlide39
Enokitake
(enoki
)Garland chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium)
Napa cabbage
Hot top
Flickr Ray Yu
Flickr Ray Yu
Flickr The
Boreka
Diary
Flickr xx3734Slide40
Practical example: categorizing a ‘cold’ (flu)
Cold fluSymptoms: stuffed nose, sneezing, coughing, chilling feels, less feverSuggestedGinger drinks with brown sugarDon’t eat: pear, tangerine
Hot fluSymptoms: high fever, sore throat, coughingSuggestedMint/mulberry teaChrysanthemum teaWatermelon juiceSlide41
Other coughing drinks
Sugarcane tea
Drink in hotSometimes with gingerCitrus tea
Drink in hot
Flickr
PipperL
Picasa
和碩睿親王
Flickr tenz1225Flickr *嘟嘟嘟* Slide42
Final wordsPlants have different nature (cold/hot)Food nature can vary due to different preparation
Know your body nature before consuming foodSlide43
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
Wiki
Klem
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yin_and_Yang.svg
2011/12/9 visited
Wiki
Benoît
Stella alias User:BenduKiwi
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wuxing.svg
2011/12/9 visited
National Taiwan University
Jer
-Ming Hu
NASA World Wind JAVA SDK
http://goworldwind.org/demos/
2011/10/3 visited
Note:
The original work is from World Wind Java SDK:
http://worldwind.arc.nasa.gov/java/
It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: NASA
Web Privacy Policy
and
Photo Guidelines
Wiki
User:
Miuki
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shennong.jpg
2011/12/9 visited
Wiki
Uploader
:
Snowyowls
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Li_Shizhen.JPG
2011/12/9 visited
Wiki User:
Itsmine
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Compendium_of_Materia_Medica.gif
2011/12/10 visited
Copyright DeclarationSlide44
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
Wiki User:
Vberger
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Xi%27an_traditionnal_medecine_market_%2820%29.JPG
2011/12/10 visited
Flickr
SqueakyMarmot
http://www.flickr.com/photos/squeakymarmot/2048960523/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/11
visited
Wiki Scanned and processed by
Mariluna
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Soviet_Union_stamp_1960_CPA_2498.jpg
2011/12/11
visited
Wiki
FloraFarm
GmbH / Katharina
Lohrie
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ginsengpflanze.jpg
2011/12/11 visited
Wikimedia Commons
Badagnani
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Polygonummultiflorumrootdried.jpg
2011/12/11 visited
Wiki
Fanghong
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PolygonumMultiflorum.jpg
2011/12/11
visited
This work
is from
the
Taitung
Forest District Office, Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan (
行政院農委會林務局台東林管處
)
http://www.forest.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=56571&ctNode=2323&mp=350
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
Forestry Bureau
(
行政院農業委員會林務局臺東林區管理處
)
著作權聲明
:
http://www.forest.gov.tw/content.asp?CuItem=51712&mp=350
Flickr
plj.johnny
http://www.flickr.com/photos/plj/3389617944/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
This work is licensed by
Forestry Bureau, Council of Agriculture, Executive Yuan
for the use of “The Biodiversity of Taiwan” course ONLY. The copyright belongs to the above mentioned entity and GET does not have the authorization right. Copyright privileges have to be negotiated with the copyright owner(s) for separately.Slide45
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
Picasa Felix Wayne
https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?q=Cordyceps+sinensis&uname=112972057494130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#5656653079035448450
2011/12/11
visited
Wiki
Uploader
:
Rafti
Institute
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cordyceps_Sinensis.jpg
2011/12/11
visited
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=177635
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
中國植物圖像庫版權申明
:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx
若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。
Picasa
Yibing
Wu
https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?imglic=creative_commons&psc=G&uname=112972057494130280024&q=%E9%8E%96%E9%99%BD&filter=1#5514331980299930658
2011/12/12 visited
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=38020
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
中國植物圖像庫版權申明
:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx
若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。
Wiki
Sten
Porse
http://
en.wikipedia.org
/wiki/
File:Eucommia-ulmoides.JPG
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr jennyhsu47
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jennyhsu47/4539174601/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr Ordinary daily life of
yoshinokichi
http://www.flickr.com/photos/yoshinokichi/562660061/
2011/12/11
visited
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=532856
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
中國植物圖像庫版權申明
:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx
若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。Slide46
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=55589 It is used subject to the fair use doctrine of: Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act. 中國植物圖像庫版權申明:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。
Wiki User:
Topjabot
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Illustration_Lycium_barbarum0.jpg
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr
FotoosVanRobin
http://www.flickr.com/photos/fotoosvanrobin/3041469217/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr
redpolkadot
http://www.flickr.com/photos/redpolkadot/121858629/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr ckngai123
http://www.flickr.com/photos/cknewphoto/3720083822/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
Flickr
ruifipieggio
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ruifipieggio/40092663/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/11 visited
This work is from the website of “Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=17777
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
中國植物圖像庫版權申明
:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx
若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。
This work is from the website of “
Plant Photo Bank of China”
(
中國植物圖像庫
)
http://www.plantphoto.cn/tu.aspx?id=788247
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 52 & 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
中國植物圖像庫版權申明
:
http://www.plantphoto.cn/copyright.aspx
若用于教学目的时使用本站图片需完整保留本站图标，不得故意遮挡、剪裁修改图片、水印及图标。
Wikispecies
Doronenko
http://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mentha_haplocalyx.jpg
2011/12/12 visitedSlide47
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
Picasa Sian Liu
https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?imglic=creative_commons&psc=G&uname=112972057494130280024&q=%E8%96%84%E8%8D%B7&filter=1#5571592032060539362
2011/12/12 visited
Flickr
Zanthia
http://www.flickr.com/photos/zanthia/5129595004/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/12 visited
Wiki
Schizhao
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rehmannia.JPG
2011/12/12 visited
This work
is from the
Committee on Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Department of Health, Executive Yuan
http://ccmp.gov.tw/meun_1_content.asp?aaa=8
The original source
is from Executive Yuan (
行政院
),
so this work is used subject to the fair use doctrine of
:
Articles 50 of Taiwan Copyright Act.
行政院著作權聲明
:
本院網站上所刊載以本院名義公開發表之著作，即著作人為本院者，在合理範圍內，得重製、公開播送或公開傳輸；利用時，並請註明出處。
Flickr
Christabelle‧迴紋針
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jchristabelle/3482949966/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/12 visited
Wiki NIH
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dongquai_cr.jpg
2011/12/12 visited
Picasa Sian Liu
https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?q=%E5%B7%9D%E8%8A%8E&uname=112972057494130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#5575289093276890674
2011/12/12
visited
Wiki Ulf
Eliasson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lactiflora1b.UME.jpg
2011/12/12 visited
National Taiwan University
Jer
-Ming
Hu
It
is used subject to the fair use doctrine of:
Articles 65 of Taiwan Copyright Act.Slide48
Work
Licensing
Author/Source
京都念慈菴
photo by Wiki
Cybergoth
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nin_Jiom_Pei_Pa_Koa.jpg
2011/12/11 visited
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tanakawho
http://www.flickr.com/photos/28481088@N00/397206341/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/12 visited
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2011/12/11/
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正露丸
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2011/12/12 visited
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Extvia
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2011/12/12 visited
Wiki Franz
Eugen
Köhler
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Köhler's
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http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koeh-275.jpg
2011/12/12 visited
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Stüber
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2011/12/12 visited
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Stickpen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Glycyrrhizauralensis.jpg
2011/12/12 visited
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Citrus_unshiu_20101127_b.jpg
2011/12/12 visited
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Abura
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/abura/2571695171/sizes/o/in/photostream/
2011/12/13 visitedSlide49
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ezezfun
http://www.flickr.com/photos/ezezfun/4851996914/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/13 visited
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xamous
http://www.flickr.com/photos/xamous/764171551/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/13 visited
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曾坤發
https://picasaweb.google.com/lh/view?q=仙草&uname=112972057494130280024&psc=G&filter=1&imglic=creative_commons#5219910195365288514
2011/12/13 visited
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Jimmy.White
http://www.flickr.com/photos/peacev/3657716486/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/12 visited
National Taiwan University
Jer
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National Taiwan University
Jer
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takoradee
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2011/12/13 visited
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2011/12/13 visitedSlide50
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David.Monniaux
http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Averrhoa_carambola_ARS_k5735-7.jpg
2011/12/13 visited
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JimmyHsu
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http://www.flickr.com/photos/jimmyhsu_tw/3485993976/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/13 visited
Na
tional Taiwan University
Jer
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Flickr Patricia W.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/djpatricia/3431398853/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/13
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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Sanjay
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2011/12/14 visitedSlide51
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14
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2011/12/14
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visitedSlide53
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2011/12/14 visited
Flickr *嘟嘟嘟*
http://www.flickr.com/photos/enixii/2088268469/sizes/l/in/photostream/
2011/12/14
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited
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2011/12/14 visited