BADDELEY AND HITCH BRADDELEY AND HITCH A MODEL OF A WORKING MEMORY ALAN BADDELEY AND GRAHAM HITCH 1974 Suggests that memory is an active multicomponent memory system Subsystems of working memory with temporarily stores and manipulates information ID: 403360
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Slide1
A MODEL OF WORKING MEMORY
BADDELEY AND HITCHSlide2
BRADDELEY AND HITCH : A MODEL OF A WORKING MEMORY
ALAN BADDELEY AND GRAHAM HITCH (1974)
Suggests that memory is
an
active, multi-component memory system.
Subsystems of working memory with temporarily stores and manipulates information.
Working memory encodes the information into long term memory (LTM) and retrieves the memory from LTM
Indicates we are actively doing something with the information.
e.g
memory holds words before we form a sentence.
Holds all information for cognitive activities. (planning, thinking, analysis)Slide3
BRADDELEY AND HITCH: WORKING MEMORY
Originally suggested that working memory consisted of three separate components that did not relate to each other.
Called “slave systems
”:
Phonological loop
Visuospatial sketchpad
Central executive
2000,
Braddeley
added a third slave system: the episodic buffer.Slide4
What the model looks likeSlide5
THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP: OUR INNER VOICE AND EAR
Phonological loop holds verbal information
Is an area of working memory that stores a limited number of speech based and acoustic sounds that are received from echoic memory (
A
tkinson and
S
hiffrin
) and/or LTM
Will hold for up to 2 seconds unless information is rehearsed to prevent decay of memory.
Is at work when preparing a sentence, or temporarily remembering a phone number.
Has two
subsystems:
Phonological store – inner ear
Articulatory control system – inner voiceSlide6
THE PHONOLOGICAL LOOP: PHONOLOGICAL STORE & ARTICULATORY CONTROL SYSTEM
Phonological
loop stores
sounds we hear for
1.5 - 2
seconds. These sounds will fade unless taken by the articulatory control system.
The articulatory control system holds sound we want to keep, or that we are preparing to speak. Will hold for 2 seconds.Slide7
VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD (INNER EYE)
The visuospatial sketchpad (VS) is one of two passive slave systems in
Baddeley
& Hitch’s (1986) model of working memory
Visual information refers to what things appear to look like.
The VS provides temporary storage and manipulation of visual and spatial information held in the long-term memory (LTM).Slide8
The information stored is maintained by spatial rehearsal
The VS plays an important role in helping us keep track of where we are in relation to other objects as we move through our environment.
Evidence suggests that working memory uses two different systems for dealing with visual and verbal information. Slide9
A visual processing task and a verbal processing task can be performed at the same time. It is more difficult to perform two visual tasks at the same time because they interfere with each other and performance is reduced.
The same applies to performing two verbal tasks at the same time. This supports the view that the phonological loop and the sketchpad are separate systems within working memory.Slide10
As we move around, our position in relation to objects is constantly changing and it is important that we can update this information.
E.g.
,
being aware of where we are in relation to desks, chairs and tables when we are walking around a classroom means that we don't bump into things too often!Slide11
EPISODIC BUFFER
Briefly stores limited amounts of information from the phonological loop and
visuospatial
sketchpad with information taken from LTM.
The information taken from the two is integrated into an episode to make sense.Slide12
CENTRAL EXECUTIVE: CONTROLLING ACTIVITY
Central executive monitors, coordinates and integrates information from the phonological loop,
visuospatial
and episodic buffer.
It controls:
The flow of information from its slave systems which plays a major role in attention
Which items move in and out of short term memory (STM) by deciding which information arriving from sensory will be attended to
The retrieval process from long term memory (LTM)
When we multi-taskSlide13
Two key characteristics of Atkinson and
Shriffin’s
multi-store model that originally defined STM – limited capacity and limited duration –
are
present in the working memory model.
But the
Baddeley
and Hitch model accounts for evidence that STM handles a greater variety of functions and
depends
on more complicated processes than previously thought.Slide14
THE END