Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics Pennsylvania State University April 3 2008 Division of Business Iowa Wesleyan College Mt Pleasant IA Nanoengineered Metamaterials Nanotechnology ID: 397248
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Akhlesh LakhtakiaDepartment of Engineering Science and MechanicsPennsylvania State University
April 3, 2008Division of BusinessIowa Wesleyan CollegeMt. Pleasant, IA
Nanoengineered Metamaterials Slide2
• Nanotechnology• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin FilmsSlide3
• Nanotechnology• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin FilmsSlide4
• NanotechnologySlide5
Nanotechnology: The termUS Patents and Trademarks Office (2006):“Nanotechnology is related to research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the
length of scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range in at least one dimension; that provide a fundamental understanding of phenomena and materials at the nanoscale; and to create and use structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.”
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Nanotech EconomyTotal worldwide R&D funding = $ 9.6B in 2005Governments (2005): $4.6B
Established Corporations (2005): $4.5BVenture Capitalists (2005): $0.5BSource: Lux Research, The Nanotech Report, 4th Ed. (2006).
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Nanotech Economy: ScopeSource: Meridian Institute, Nanotechnology and the Poor: Opportunities and Risk (2005)
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Nanotechnology promises to be
• pervasive • ubiquitous
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Nanotechnology & LifeSource:
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A. Lakhtakia Significant Attributes
Large surface area per unit volume
Quantum effects
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A. Lakhtakia Dimensionality
1 D
Ultrathin coatings
2 D
Nanowires and nanotubes
3 D
NanoparticlesSlide12
Nanotechnology: ClassificationIncremental – nanoparticles, thin filmsEvolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubesRadical – molecular manufacturing
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Nanotechnology: ClassificationIncremental – nanoparticles, thin filmsEvolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubesRadical – molecular manufacturing
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Nanotechnology: ClassificationIncremental – nanoparticles, thin filmsEvolutionary – quantum dots, nanotubesRadical – molecular manufacturing
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A. Lakhtakia Nanomaterials
Lots of potential applications
Unreliable productionSlide16
Integrated Electronics and OptoelectronicsMany opportunities: - memory cell ~ 90 nm (2004) ~ 22 nm (2016) - plastic electronics - biosensors, chemical sensors
- structural health monitoringA. Lakhtakia Slide17
Bionanotechnology and NanomedicineMany opportunities: - targeted drug delivery - in vivo molecular imaging - antimicrobial agents - tissues and scaffolds - “smart” health monitoring
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A. Lakhtakia Metrology
Extremely important
Requires standardization
Not much research expenditure incurred so far, but increasingSlide19
Industrial ApplicationsNothing revolutionary, as of now!Significant challenges: from laboratory to mass manufacturing
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Desirable Features for Industrial ApplicationCost-effectivenessWaste reductionLifecycle (cradle-to-grave) environmental auditing
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• MetamaterialsSlide22
J.B.S. HaldaneThe Creator, if he exists, has ...
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… an inordinate fondness for beetles.A. Lakhtakia
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Engineers have had an inordinate fondness for composite materials
all through the agesA. Lakhtakia
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Evolution of Materials ResearchMaterial Properties (< ca.1970)Design for Functionality (ca.1980)Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)
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Evolution of Materials ResearchMaterial Properties (< ca.1970)Design for Functionality (ca.1980)Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)
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Evolution of Materials ResearchMaterial Properties (< ca.1970)Design for Functionality (ca.1980)Design for System Performance (ca. 2000)
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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
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MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
Light weight
(for fuel efficiency)
High stiffness
(resistance to deformation)
High strength
(resistance to rupture)Slide31
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
Light weight
(for fuel efficiency)
High stiffness
(resistance to deformation)
High strength
(resistance to rupture)
High acoustic damping
(quieter cabin)
Low thermal conductivity (less condensation;
more humid cabin)Slide32
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
Light weight
(for fuel efficiency)
High stiffness
(resistance to deformation)
High strength
(resistance to rupture)
High acoustic damping
(quieter cabin)
Low thermal conductivity
(less condensation;
more humid cabin)Slide33
MultifunctionalityA. Lakhtakia
Performance Requirements on the Fuselage
Light weight
(for fuel efficiency)
High stiffness
(resistance to deformation)
High strength
(resistance to rupture)
High acoustic damping
(quieter cabin)
Low thermal conductivity
(less condensation; more humid cabin)
Future: Conducting & other fibers for
(i)
reinforcement
(ii)
antennas
(iii)
environmental sensing
(iv)
structural health monitoring
(iv)
morphingSlide34
Metamaterials
Rodger WalserSPIE Press (2003)
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Walser’s Definition (2001/2)macroscopic composites having a manmade, three-dimensional, periodic cellular architecture designed to produce an optimized combination, not available in nature, of two or more responses to specific excitation
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“Updated” Definition composites designed to produce an optimized combination of two or more responses to specific excitation
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CellularitySlide38
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Nanoengineered Metamaterials Cellularity MultifunctionalitySlide39
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Nanoengineered Metamaterials Cellularity Multifunctionality
Morphology
PerformanceSlide40
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Component:
Simple action
Assembly of com
p
o
n
e
n
t
s
:
Complex action
Multi-component system = Assembly of different componentsSlide41
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Energy storage cell
Energy distributor cell
Chemisensor cell
Force-sensor cell
RFcomm cell
Shape-changer cell
Energy harvesting cell
IRcomm cell
Light-source cellSlide42
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
SupercellSlide43
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Periodic Arrangement of Supercells
Fractal Arrangement of Supercells
Functionally Graded Arrangement of SupercellsSlide44
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
BiomimesisSlide45
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
BiomimesisSlide46
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
Self-assembly
Positional assemblyLithography
Etching
Ink-jet printing
….
….
Hybrid techniquesSlide47
Nanoengineered MetamaterialsA. Lakhtakia
Fabrication
Self-assembly
Positional assemblyLithography
Etching
Ink-jet printing
….
….
Hybrid techniquesSlide48
•Sculptured Thin FilmsSlide49
Sculptured Thin FilmsAssemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape
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MorphologicalChange
Sculptured Thin Films
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Sculptured Thin Films
Morphology changes in 3-5 nm
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Sculptured Thin FilmsAssemblies of Parallel Curved Nanowires/Submicronwires
Controllable Nanowire Shape 2-D morphologies
3-D
morphologies vertical sectioning
Nanoengineered Materials (1-3 nm clusters)
Controllable Porosity (10-90 %)
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Sculptured Thin FilmsAntecedents:
Young and Kowal - 1959Niuewenhuizen & Haanstra - 1966
Motohiro & Taga - 1989
Conceptualized by Lakhtakia & Messier (1992-1995)
Optical applications
(1992-1995)
Biological applications
(2003-)
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Sculptured Thin Films
Penn StateEdinboro University of PennsylvaniaLock Haven University of PennsylvaniaMillersville University
Rensselaer Polytechnic University
University of ToledoUniversity of Georgia
University of South Carolina
University of Nebraska at Lincoln
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
University of Alberta
Queen’s University
University of Moncton
National Autonomous University of Mexico
(xv) Imperial College, London
(xvi) University of Glasgow
(xvii) University of Edinburgh
(xviii) University of Leipzig
(xix) Toyota R&D Labs
Kyoto University
National Taipei University of Technology
(xxii) Hanyang University
(xxiii) University of Otago
(xxiv) University of Canterbury
(xxv) Ben Gurion University of the Negev
Research Groups
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Physical Vapor Deposition
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Sculptured Thin FilmsOptical Devices:
Polarization Filters Bragg Filters Ultranarrowband Filters Fluid Concentration Sensors Bacterial Sensors
Biomedical Applications:
Tissue Scaffolds Surgical Cover Sheets
Other Applications:
Photocatalysis (Toyota)
Thermal Barriers (Alberta)
Energy Harvesting (Penn State, Toledo)
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Optics of Chiral STFsA. Lakhtakia
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Chiral STFs: Circular Bragg PhenomenonSlide59
Chiral STF as CP Filter
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Spectral Hole Filter
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Fluid Concentration Sensor
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LIGHT EMITTERS• Luminophores inserted in a chiral STF
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LIGHT EMITTERS• Quantum dots inserted in a cavity between two left-handed chiral STFs
Zhang et al.,
Appl. Phys. Lett.
91 (2007) 023102.
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Polymeric STFsA. Lakhtakia
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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUEPursel et al., Polymer
46 (2005) 9544.
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PARYLENE-C STFs: COMBINED CVD+PVD TECHNIQUE
NanoscaleMorphologyCiliary Structure
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BIOSCAFFOLDS
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BIOSCAFFOLDSLakhtakia et al.,
Adv. Solid State Phys. 46 (2008) 295.
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BIOSCAFFOLDSDemirel et al., J. Biomed. Mater. Res, B 81
(2007) 219.Fibroblast Cells: Red stain
72 hours after seeding
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Applications of Parylene STFsCell-culture substratesCoatings for prostheses (e.g. stents)Coatings for surgical equipment (e.g., catheters)BiosensorsTissue engineering for controlled drug release
Volumetric functionalizationOptical monitoring
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STFs WITH TRANSVERSEARCHITECTURE
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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
Chromium
Molybdenum
Aluminum
Metal STFs on Topographic
Substrates
Horn et al.,
Nanotechnology
15
(2004) 303.
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STFs WITH TRANSVERSE ARCHITECTURE
HCP array of SiOx nanocolumnsBCC array of SiOx nanocolumns
1um x 1um mesh of SiOx nanolines
Dielectric STFs on Topographic
Substrates
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• Nanotechnology• Metamaterials
•Sculptured Thin FilmsSlide75
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