Cellular - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Cellular Respiration Let’s Review

Is a chemical process that uses oxygen to convert chemical energy stored in organic molecules into another form of chemical energy – a molecule called ATP

Cells in plants and animals then use the ATP as their main energy supply.Slide2

EnergyThe ability to perform work

Ex: your heart muscle does work every time it beats

Two basic forms of energy

Potential

kineticSlide3

Potential EnergyIs stored energy due to an object’s position or arrangementSlide4

Kinetic EnergyEnergy of motionAnything that is moving

Kinetic - “motion”Slide5

Thermal EnergyEnergy that has been transferred

From areas that are warmer to coolerSlide6

Chemical EnergyOrganic compounds store energy (potential) in the way their atoms are arranged.

This is called chemical energySlide7

ATP - Nature's Energy Store

All living things, plants and animals, require a continual supply of energy in order to function.

The energy is used for all the processes which keep the organism alive. Slide8

Before the energy can be used, it is first transformed into a form which the organism can handle easily.

This special carrier of energy is the molecule

adenosine triphosphate, or ATP.

Slide9

Its Structure

The

ATP molecule

is composed of

three components

.

At the center is a sugar molecule,

ribose

(the same sugar that forms the basis of RNA). Slide10

Attached to one side of this is a base (a group consisting of linked rings of carbon and nitrogen atoms);

in this case the base is

adenine

.

The other side of the sugar is attached to a string of

phosphate groups.

These phosphates are the key to the activity of ATP. Slide11

ATP consists of a base, in this case adenine (red), a ribose (magenta) and a phosphate chain (blue). Slide12

How it works ATP works by losing the endmost phosphate group when instructed to do so by an enzyme.

This reaction releases a lot of energy, which the organism can then use to build proteins, contact muscles,

etc

Slide13

The reaction product is

adenosine diphosphate (ADP),

Slide14

ATP

Slide15

ADP

Slide16

Even more energy can be extracted by removing a second phosphate group to produce adenosine

monophosphate

(AMP). Slide17

AMP

Slide18

When the organism is resting and energy is not immediately needed, the reverse reaction takes place and the phosphate group is reattached to the molecule using energy obtained from food or sunlight.

he ATP molecule acts as a chemical 'battery', storing energy when it is not needed, but able to release it instantly when the organism requires it.

Slide19

The Phosphorus Cycle

The fact that ATP is Nature's 'universal energy store' explains why phosphates are a vital ingredient in the diets of all living things. Modern fertilizers often contain phosphorus compounds that have been extracted from animal bones. Slide20

These compounds are used by plants to make ATP. We then eat the plants, metabolise their phosphorus, and produce our own ATP. When we die, our phosphorus goes back into the ecosystem to begin the cycle again... Slide21

Cellular RespirationSlide22

Cellular Respiration

A

catabolic, exergonic, oxygen (O

2

)

requiring process that uses

energy

extracted from

macromolecules (glucose)

to produce

energy (ATP)

and

water (H

2

O).

C

6

H

12

O

6

+ 6O

2



6CO2 + 6H

2

O +

energy

glucose

ATPSlide23

Question:

In what kinds organisms does cellular respiration take place?Slide24

Plants and Animals

Plants - Autotrophs

: self-producers.

Animals - Heterotrophs

: consumers.Slide25

Mitochondria

Organelle

where

cellular respiration

takes place.

Inner

membrane

Outer

membrane

Inner

membrane space

Matrix

CristaeSlide26

Breakdown of Cellular Respiration

Three main parts (reactions).

1.

Glycolysis

(splitting of sugar)

a.

cytosol

, just outside of mitochondria.

Slide27

Breakdown of Cellular Respiration

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

a. mitochondrial matrix

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC

a.

. inner mitochondrial membrane.Slide28

1. Glycolysis

Occurs in the

cytosol

just outside of mitochondria.

Two phases:

A. Energy investment phase

a. Preparatory phase

B. Energy yielding phase

a. Energy payoff phase Slide29

1. Glycolysis

A. Energy Investment Phase:

Glucose

(6C)

Glyceraldehyde phosphate

(2 - 3C)

(G3P or GAP)

2 ATP - used

0 ATP - produced

0 NADH - produced

2ATP

2ADP +

P

C-C-C-C-C-C

C-C-C

C-C-CSlide30

1. Glycolysis

B. Energy Yielding Phase

Glyceraldehyde phosphate

(2 - 3C)

(G3P or GAP)

Pyruvate

(2 - 3C)

(PYR)

0 ATP - used

4 ATP - produced

2 NADH - produced

4ATP

4ADP +

P

C-C-C C-C-C

C-C-C C-C-C

GAP

GAP

(PYR)

(PYR)Slide31

1. Glycolysis

Total Net Yield

2 - 3C-Pyruvate (PYR)

2 - ATP

2 - NADHSlide32

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Location:

mitochondrial matrix

.

Acetyl CoA (2C)

bonds to

Oxalacetic acid (4C - OAA)

to make

Citrate (6C)

.

It takes

2 turns

of the krebs cycle to

oxidize

1 glucose

molecule.

Mitochondrial

MatrixSlide33

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Krebs

Cycle

1 Acetyl CoA (2C)

3 NAD

+

3 NADH

FAD

FADH

2

ATP

ADP +

P

(one turn)

OAA (4C)

Citrate (6C)

2 CO

2Slide34

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Krebs

Cycle

2 Acetyl CoA (2C)

6 NAD

+

6 NADH

2 FAD

2 FADH

2

2 ATP

2 ADP +

P

(two turns)

OAA (4C)

Citrate (6C)

4 CO

2Slide35

2. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

Total net yield

(

2 turns

of krebs cycle)

1.

2 - ATP

(substrate-level phosphorylation)

2.

6 - NADH

3.

2 - FADH

2

4.

4 - CO

2Slide36

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and

Oxidative Phosphorylation (

Chemiosmosis

)

Location:

inner mitochondrial membrane.

Uses

ETC

and

ATP

Synthase

(enzyme) to make

ATP

.

ETC

pumps

H

+

(protons)

across innermembrane (

lowers pH in innermembrane space

).

Inner

Mitochondrial

MembraneSlide37

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) and

Oxidative Phosphorylation (

Chemiosmosis

)

The

H+

then moves via

diffusion

through

ATP Synthase

to make

ATP

.

All

NADH

and

FADH

2

converted to

ATP

during this stage of

cellular respiration

.

Each

NADH

converts to

3 ATP

.

Each

FADH

2

converts to

2 ATP

(enters the ETC at a lower level than

NADH

).Slide38

TOTAL ATP YIELD

1. 04

ATP

–

glycolysis and krebs cycle

2.

34

ATP

-

ETC

38

ATP

- TOTAL YIELD

ATPSlide39

Maximum ATP Yield for Cellular Respiration

(Eukaryotes)

36 ATP (maximum per glucose)

Glucose

Glycolysis

2ATP 4ATP 6ATP 18ATP 4ATP 2ATP

2 ATP

(substrate-level

phosphorylation)

2NADH

2NADH

6NADH

Krebs

Cycle

2FADH

2

2 ATP

(substrate-level

phosphorylation)

2 Pyruvate

2 Acetyl CoA

ETC and Oxidative

Phosphorylation

Cytosol

MitochondriaSlide40

Fermentation

Occurs in

cytosol

when

“NO Oxygen”

is present

(called anaerobic).

Remember:

glycolysis

is part of

fermentation

.

Two Types:

1. Alcohol Fermentation

2. Lactic Acid FermentationSlide41

Alcohol Fermentation

Plants and Fungi



beer and wine

glucose

Glycolysis

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

C

2 Pyruvic

acid

2ATP

2ADP

+ 2

2NADH

P

2 NAD

+

C

C

2 Ethanol

2CO

2

released

2NADH

2 NAD

+Slide42

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Animals (pain in muscle after a workout).

2 Lactic

acid

2NADH

2 NAD

+

C

C

C

Glucose

Glycolysis

C

C

C

2 Pyruvic

acid

2ATP

2ADP

+ 2

2NADH

P

2 NAD

+

C

C

C

C

C

CSlide43

Lactic Acid Fermentation

End Products: Lactic acid fermentation

2 - ATP

2 - Lactic Acid moleculesSlide44

Alcohol Fermentation

End Products: Alcohol fermentation

2 - ATP

2 - CO

2

2 – molecules of ethanolSlide45

Question:

In addition to glucose, what other various food molecules are use in Cellular Respiration?Slide46

Catabolism of Various

Food Molecules

Other organic molecules used for fuel.

1.

Carbohydrates:

polysaccharides

2.

Fats:

glycerol’s and fatty acids

3.

Proteins:

amino acids