Photosynthesis the process of absorbing light energy and converting it into stored chemical energy Chemical equation Cellular Respiration the breaking down of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP ID: 663404
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Slide1
Cellular Respiration
4.3Slide2
Photosynthesis
- the process of absorbing light energy and converting it into stored chemical energy.
Chemical equation:
Cellular Respiration
- the breaking down of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP
Chemical equation:
Cellular respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis
:
Photosynthesis combines water, carbon dioxide and light energy to form
glucose,
and oxygen is a waste product.
Cellular respiration uses oxygen to help break down glucose to form
ATP,
and water and carbon dioxide are waste products
.
The reactants of photosynthesis are the products of cellular respiration and the reactants of cellular respiration are the products of photosynthesis.
In photosynthesis light energy is stored in glucose as chemical energy so it is
endergonic
.
In cellular respiration energy is released from glucose so it is
exergonic
.Slide3
Plants, algae, and some bacteria can undergo photosynthesis and produce their own food, but they still have to undergo cellular respiration to make ATP before they can use the energy.Slide4
Cellular Respiration
Cellular
respiration ~ the breaking down of a food substance into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Two
types:
Aerobic
cellular
respiration
requires oxygen
m
ost common
produces more ATP per glucose molecule
Anaerobic respiration (fermentation)
does
not require
oxygen
sometimes
used by certain cells if oxygen is not
available, some
bacteria and fungi only use anaerobic
respiration
produces less ATP per glucose moleculeSlide5
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis
Oxidation of
pyruvate
Kreb’s
Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Oxidative
PhosphorylationSlide6
Aerobic Cell Respiration1. Glycolysis
Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Glucose is converted to 2
pyruvate
or pyruvic
acid molecules
Net of 2 ATP
4 ATP are produced but 2 are used
2 NADH (electron carrier)Slide7
Aerobic Cellular Respiration2. Oxidation of Pyruvate
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Each
pyruvate
molecule is converted into an acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-
CoA
) molecule
2 NADH
2 CO
2Slide8
Aerobic Cellular Respiration3. Kreb’s
Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
Occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria
Each acetyl-
CoA molecule combines with an
oxaloacetic
acid molecule
2 ATP
6 NADH
4 CO22 FADH
2 (electron carrier)Slide9
Aerobic Cellular Respiration4. Oxidative
Phosphorylation
NADH and FADH
2
pass electrons to an electron transport chain in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
As electrons are passed along the electron transport chain, energy is slowly released which is used to make ATP through the process of
chemiosmosis
.
The final electron acceptor is oxygen. Oxygen
accepts 2 electrons and 2
hydrogen ion (H+) to form water.Chemiosmosis
- Hydrogen ions are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create a high concentration. Then they diffuse through ATP
synthase
from high concentration to low concentration and ATP
synthase
synthesizes ATP.
Oxidative
phosphorylation
produces around 32 ATP per glucoseSlide10
Oxidative Phosphorylation DiagramSlide11
Aerobic cellular respiration converts 50%-60% of the energy contained in glucose into ATP. This is one of the most efficient energy processes known.
Cars use only about 20% of the energy available from the fuel.Slide12
Energy Losses in a Vehicle
Only
about
15 percent
of the energy from the fuel you put in your tank gets used to move your car down the road or run useful accessories, such as air conditioning. The rest of the energy is lost to engine and driveline inefficiencies and idling. Therefore, the potential to improve fuel efficiency with advanced technologies is enormous.
Engine
Losses - 62.4 percent
Idling
Losses - 17.2 percent
Accessories
- 2.2 percentDriveline Losses - 5.6 percentAerodynamic Drag - 2.6 percent
Rolling
Resistance - 4.2 percent
Overcoming
Inertia; Braking Losses - 5.8 percent
Source
:
www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/atv.shtmlSlide13
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Aka fermentation
Two types: alcoholic fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
Both types begin with
glycolysis just like in aerobic cellular
respiartionSlide14Slide15
Anaerobic Cell Respiration
1)
Glycolysis
Occurs
in the cytoplasm of the cellGlucose is converted to 2 pyruvate
or
pyruvic
acid molecules
Net of 2 ATP
4 ATP are produced but 2 are used2 NADH (electron carrier)Slide16
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
2) Two
types
Alcoholic fermentation- conversion of
pyruvate produces carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol and regenerates NAD+Lactic acid fermentation- conversion of
pyruvate
produces lactic acid and regenerates NAD+Slide17
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Occurs in muscle cells when oxygen is not available
Certain bacteria are used to make cheese and yogurt
Alcoholic Fermentation
Occurs in yeast cells (single celled fungi) when oxygen is not available and causes dough to riseSlide18
Figure 6.13A
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 Lactate
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
GlycolysisSlide19
Figure 6.13B
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 NAD
2 NADH
2 Ethanol
2 Pyruvate
Glucose
2 ADP
2 ATP
2 P
Glycolysis
2 CO
2Slide20
Respiration and Cellular Respiration
Respiration is commonly thought of as breathing. Your body must bring in oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Your respiratory system allows you to bring in oxygen and release carbon dioxide, and your circulatory system transports those gases to and from body tissues.
In your body tissues you need oxygen so cell respiration can occur and food substances can be broken down into usable cellular energy in the form of ATP.
Cell respiration produces carbon dioxide, which is a waste product and must be expelled from the body.Slide21