Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration

Mr. Stahl

BiologySlide2

Review of ATP- Section 4.1Slide3

Molecule

T

ype

Energy

Details

5

.

Carbohydrate

4 cal / mg

36 ATP from glucose

Most common molecule broken down to make ATP

6.

Lipid hi

mrs

stahl

9

cal / mg

146 ATP from triglycerides

Stores most

of the energy in people

7

.

Protein

4

cal / mg

Infrequently broken down by cells

to make ATP- used for other important bodily processes.Slide4

Chemosynthesis

Process through which some organisms use chemicals as a source of energy to build carbon based molecules.

Ex- Deep sea hydrothermal vents hi

mrs stahlSlide5

Functions of Photosynthesis

1. Biochemical Process

2. Plant Cells only

3. Plant growth and development4. Builds plant cell walls= cellulose5. Helps regulate the Earth’s environment6. Removes CO2 from the airSlide6

Chloroplast-the organelle photosynthesis occurs in

Three main parts are:

Grana

- stacks of coined shaped membranes.Slide7

Thylakoid

Little disks inside the

grana

. They contain chlorophyll and other light absorbing pigments. Photosystems- light collecting units. They are proteins that organize chlorophyll and help create NADPH and ATPSlide8

Stroma

Fluid that surrounds the

grana

inside the chloroplast. Calvin cycle occurs hereSlide9

Photosynthesis

Process of using sunlight as energy to make carbon compounds (glucose) to make food.

Occurs in the chloroplast

Two processes: Light dependent reactions and Light independent reactionsSlide10
Slide11

Chlorophyll

- the molecule in the chloroplast that absorbs the energy from the sunlight.

Chlorophyll a-

main photosynthetic pigment. Absorbs reds and violets and reflects greens and yellows.Chlorophyll b- accessory pigment. Absorbs blues and red / oranges and reflects greens and yellows. Green color in plants comes from the reflection of light’s green wavelengths by chlorophyll.Slide12

Carotenoids

are yellow-orange pigments which absorb light in violet, blue, and green regions.

When chlorophyll breaks down in fall, the yellow-orange pigments in leaves show through.

Don’t have to put this in your notes!!! Just a

little fun fact!Slide13

Fall FoliageSlide14

So let’s begin

The sunlight hits the leaves and CO2 is let in through the stomata (little pores) while H2O is let in through the roots.Slide15

Light

Dependent

Reactions or Light Reactions

Requires sunlightTake place in thylakoids

W

ater

and sunlight are needed

C

hlorophyll

absorbs energy

E

nergy

is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions

O

xygen

is released

Photosynthesis is broken down into two different reactions!!!

1

stSlide16

Light Independent Reactions

Uses the energy (ATP and NADPH) transferred from the light dependent reactions to make sugars.

Reactions occur in the

stromaDoes NOT require sunlightCarbon dioxide is absorbed and used at this stage.Calvin Cycle- metabolic pathway found in the stroma of the chloroplast in which carbon enters in the form of CO2 and leaves in the form of sugar.

2

nd

Slide17

2. Sunlight

3. Water

Carbon Dioxide

Oxygen

Photosynthesis: Process through which light energy is captured and used to build sugars that store chemical energy.

1. Chloroplast

Sugar (glucose)

Calvin Cycle

Energy carrying molecules- ATP and NADPH

4.

Thylakoid

contains chlorophyllSlide18

EquationSlide19

Calvin CycleSlide20

Questions to review

1. Where do the light dependent reactions occur?

2. Where do the light independent reactions occur?

3. What two reactants are shown entering the chloroplast?4. What two products are shown leaving the chloroplast? 5. What does the Calvin Cycle produce? Slide21

Answers

1.

Thylakoid

membrane2. Stroma3. Water and carbon dioxide4. Oxygen and sugar5. Sugar- converts CO2 into sugarSlide22

Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lDwUVpOEoE4Slide23

Now that we have a brief overview let’s look at it in a little more detail.

Draw into notes!Slide24

Step

Description

Note

sheet

4.3

1

Sunlight and water enters the chloroplast and goes into the

thylakoid

membrane. Photosystem II absorbs

the light and uses it to split

water into H+ ions, electrons,

and O

2

. The O

2

is given off as a waste product for

heterotrophs

to breathe.

2

High energy electrons

from photosystem II move through the Electron Transport Chain (ETC- like a highway) to Photosystem I. Enzymes (NADP+) in the membrane use the electrons to make NADPH, which will be used in the Calvin Cycle.

3

Inside of the membrane fills up with H+

ions making it positively charged and the outside is negatively charged. The difference in charges provides the energy to make ATP. H+ ions are really important!

4

H+ ions cannot

cross the membrane directly so they have to go through a big protein called ATP

synthase

, which rotates like a wheel. As it turns it binds ADP and a phosphate together to form ATP.

5

ATP and

NADPH are produced and ready to be used in the Calvin Cycle / Light Independent Reactions. Slide25
Slide26

Calvin Cycle occurs in the

stroma

1. CO

2 enters the Calvin cycle and an enzyme called RuBP carboxylase (Rubisco) breaks down the carbon into a usable, organic form (carbon fixation). Slide27

2. The six-carbon molecule binds and utilizes a series of enzymes and energy is added. ATP and NADPH is used from LDR to split the six carbons into 2 groups of 3, and to keep the cycle going (reduction).

3. Three carbon molecules exit and some are sent to the next step. After they both exit they bond together to form glucose.

4. Three carbon molecules are recycled and changed back to five carbon molecules by energy from ATP. It takes two turns of the Calvin Cycle to produce 1 molecule of glucose.Slide28

RuBPSlide29

Videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joZ1EsA5_NYSlide30

Review Questions

1. Where do the electrons come from in the ETC?

2. What role do these electrons play?

3. What two energy carriers are produced?4. When does active transport take place? 5. What enzyme speeds up the process?Slide31

6. Where in the chloroplast do light independent reactions occur?

7. Where does the ATP and NADPH come from for the light independent reactions?

8. What does the LDR make? What does the LIR make?

9. How many cycles or turns does it take to make one glucose molecule?10. What enzyme is used in the Calvin Cycle to bind with CO2 to “fix” it?Slide32

Answers

1. Chlorophyll- photosystem II and I

2. Provide energy to move hydrogen ions into the

thylakoid and to produce molecules of NADPH3. NADPH and ATP4. Step 3 when hydrogen ions are transported5. ATP synthase 6. Stroma 7. LDR8. LDR= makes ATP, LIR= makes sugars9. 210. RubiscoSlide33

Let’s Summarize

Process

Location

ReactantsEnding ProductsLight Dependent Reactions Where the photosystems

take place.

Light Independent Reactions

.

Where the Calvin Cycle takes place

Write

the Equation for PhotosynthesisSlide34

Let’s Summarize

Process

Location

ReactantsEnding ProductsLight Dependent Reactions Where the photosystems take place.

Thylakoid

Membrane

Sunlight

H

2

O

ATP

NADPH

O

2

Light Independent Reactions

.

Where the Calvin Cycle takes place

Stroma

ATP

NADPH

CO

2

Glucose

C

6

H

12

O

6

6CO

2

+ 6H

2

O -> C

6

H

12

O

6

+ 6O

2Slide35

Videos

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k17bJQSQeQ4Slide36

Now we take photosynthesis and see how HUMANS and other organisms use it through a process called Cellular Respiration.Slide37

By the time you reach 16 you have taken about 200 million breaths

FUN FACT!Slide38

Cellular Respiration!!

Releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon based molecules to make ATP when oxygen is present.

Notes 4.4Slide39

Animals use

cellular respiration

Plants use

photosynthesisBreakdown food-> ATPAerobic-> Need OxygenAnaerobic= no oxygenTakes place in the MitochondriaSlide40

2 Stages

Stage 1= Krebs Cycle

Stage 2= Electron TransportSlide41

Cellular Respiration EquationSlide42

Glycolysis

happens first in the cytoplasm. Glucose gets broken down into 2-3 carbon chains. Produces 2 ATPSlide43

Glycolysis

Ongoing process in all cells

Location = cytoplasm outside of the mitochondria

AnaerobicMakes a small number of ATP molecules = 2 ATPSeries of reactions converts the three-carbon molecules to pyruvate / pyruvic acid. Pyruvate and NADH are used for cellular respiration.

Note Sheet 4.5Slide44

Glycolysis

Draw into your notes!Slide45

What is pyruvate

?

Our bodies actually make it naturally during metabolism and when we digest sugars and starches. It is crucial for the

Kreb’s cycle in cellular respiration. A little extra, no need to copy.Slide46

6H O

2

6CO

2

6O

2

mitochondrion

matrix (area enclosed

by inner membrane)

inner membrane

ATP

ATP

energy

energy from

glycolysis

1

2

4

3

and

and

andSlide47

Step 1

Pyruvate

is broken down into 2 carbon molecules and CO2 is released as a waste product.

NADH is producedSlide48

Step 2

Coenzyme A bonds to the 2 carbon molecule made from

pyruvate

and enters the Kreb’s Cycle.No need to write: Acetyl-CoA is one of the most important molecules in the body because all nutrients (carbs, lipids, and proteins) generate it when they break down. This molecule is produced in large amounts and is pumped into the Kreb’s cycle if the body is in need of energy, or into synthesis of fat to be stored for later use.Slide49

Step 3

Citric Acid is formed- the two carbon molecule binds with a four carbon molecule to make a six carbon molecule which is called citric acid. Slide50

Step 4

Citric acid is broken down

NADH is made

CO2 is given off as a waste product.Slide51

Step 5

Five carbon molecule is broken down

Four carbon molecule, ATP, and NADH are formed.

NADH leaves the Krebs cycle2 ATP are producedSlide52

Step 6

Four carbon molecules are rearranged

High energy electrons are released

NADH and FADH2 (electron carrier) are made Slide53

Krebs Cycle

Main function- transfer high energy electrons to molecules that carry them to the ETC

Occurs

in the matrix of mitochondriaAlso known as the Citric Acid Cycle Step 7 on your diagramSlide54

One Molecule of

Pyruvate

makes these products:

3 molecules of CO2 have been given off1 molecule of ATP4 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC1 molecule of FADH2 to the ETCSlide55

If Glycolysis produces 2 molecules of

pyruvate

, how much of each product do we have????Slide56

Answer

6 molecules of CO2 have been given off

2 molecules of ATP

8 molecules of NADH2 to the ETC2 molecules of FADH2 to the ETCSlide57
Slide58

Electron Transport Chain

Takes place along the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Made up of proteins

Proteins use energy from NADH and FADH2 to pump hydrogen ions against the gradient (active transport)Slide59

Step 1

Proteins take

electrons

: 2 NADH and 1 FADH2. Slide60

Step 2

Proteins use energy from the electrons to pump the hydrogen ions through the inner membrane and the hydrogen ions build up on the inside of the membrane. Slide61

Step 3

ATP is produced

Flow of hydrogen ions helps make the ATP

ATP synthase adds phosphate groups to ADP to make the ATP molecules. For each pair of electrons that passes through 3 ATP molecules are made. Slide62

Step 4

Oxygen enters and water is formed.

Water is given off as a waste productSlide63

End Result / Products of Cellular Respiration

CO2 and

pyruvate

(from Kreb’s)H2O from the ETCNet gain of about 36-38 ATP molecules are made from 1 glucose molecule-> 2 glycolysis2 from Kreb’s Cycle32-34 from the ETCSlide64

Photosynthesis

Cellular Respiration

Location

Chloroplast

Mitochondria

Reactants

CO2 and H2O

C6H12O6 and O2

Products

C6H12O6 and O2

CO2 and H2O

Electron Transport Chain

Proteins within the thylakoid membrane

Proteins within the inner mitochondrial membrane

Cycle of chemical reaction

Calvin cycle in the stroma of chloroplasts builds sugar

molecules.

Krebs cycle in matrix of mitochondria breaks down carbon

based molecules.Slide65

What happens to your cells when there isn’t enough oxygen to keep cellular respiration going?Slide66
Slide67

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Occurs when oxygen is unavailable

Causes your muscles to be sore / burn

When oxygen is available your cells return to using cellular respiration and the lactic acid is broken down / removed. This is why you breathe heavy after exercising and it takes a few minutes to recover because your body is trying to recover from the oxygen depletion in your muscle cells. Slide68

Alcoholic Fermentation

Forms the same way as the other two: Glycolysis splits a molecule of glucose to make 2 ATP, 2

pyruvate

, and 2 NADH molecules. Occurs in many yeasts- CO2 causes the dough to riseEnd product is CO2, NAD+, and ethyl alcoholSlide69

Fermentation is used in food production.

Yogurt

Cheese

Bread