CORE REVISION SHEETS Bleedproof paper is smooth and has a special coating to - PowerPoint Presentation

CORE REVISION SHEETS

Bleedproof paper is smooth and has a special coating to reduce absorbency When drawing with a marker pen or writing with ink, the paper keeps the ink on the surface which creates a crisper line or markIt resists bleeding and featheringIt’s lightweight at around 70-80gsm Bleedproof paper Cartridge paper A thick, quality paper with a slight texture It’s used particularly for pencil and ink drawings and paintings Available in a range of weights, a heavier paper at 200gsm is more suitable for watercolour and acrylic painting Plotting data Grid paper has printed squares or isometric grids These are printed with feint lines that enable the user to draw graphs and diagrams, plot mathematical functions or add scientific data Lines can be printed in different weights How does grid paper help with accuracy when drawing a plan, for instance the layout of a new kitchen? Layout paper and tracing paper In the early stages of planning for a painting or design, artists may use layout paper and tracing paper for working sketches and ideas Layout paper is lightweight and smooth with greater opacity than tracing paperIt accepts pencil and most other media well Tracing paper is smooth and sold in pads and rollsRanging from 40gsm up to 280gsm for specialist usesIt is made in the same way as ordinary paper, but is passed through a bath of acid which partially dissolves the paperThis increases the translucency, and it also increases the stability of the paperAs well as for tracing, suggest where else you may find this type of paper in use Corrugated cardboard Corrugated board is made up of one or two outer flat layers and a corrugated layerCommonly used for delivery containers and packagingIt’s lightweight, but strongWith a smooth surface, it can easily be printed onSuggest a common use in the catering industry for corrugated cardboard Foil lined board This is made from a stiff card lined with aluminium foil on one side Cartons containing liquid are foil lined making it food safeThe card also has a waxy coating to make it resistant to oils and liquidsWhere else might you findfoil lined card? Papers and boards revision sheet

Duplex board Duplex board is made up of two layers The exterior will have a wax coatingto provide a moisture barrier and give it a glossy sheenIts smooth white surface makesit suitable for offset printingIts weight, 200 – 500gsm, also makes it ideal for folding and die cutting Foam board or foamcore Foam board consists of a sheet of polystyrene foam sandwiched between outer layers of paper Rigid and lightweight, it is often used as a backing material for graphic signage It cuts cleanly with a sharp blade making it very suitable for architectural models or prototypes Solid white board (Mount board) Solid white board is a high quality board with a bright white finish Weights range from 200gsm – 500gsmIt’s strong, smooth surface makes it suitable for book covers and product packagingIt accepts printing and surface finishes Ink jet card Designed for use with an inkjet printer, the inks sit on the surface of the paperWith a special coating this increasesthe stability of the printA good smooth surface, ensures even ink coverage and absorbencyAvailable in weights ranging from 120-350gsmA matt or gloss coating enables a variety of images to be printed Papers and boards revision sheet 2

Papers and boards Type Properties Uses Image Layout and tracing paper Relatively hard and translucent 50-90 GSM Working drawings, tracing Bleed-proof paper Smooth and relatively hard. Resistant to inks and colours seeping through the paper, allowing clear, sharp images70-150bGSM Used with water-based and spirit-based felt-tip pens. Printed multi coloured flyers and leafletsCartridge paperTough and lightly textured. Typically a very light cream colour 100-150 GSMDrawing and painting, printed flyers and leafletsGrid paperPrinted square and isometric grids in different sizes60-100 GSM Quick sketches and model makingCorrugated cardboard Contains 2 or more layers of card with interlacing fluted inner section (adds strength without significant weight increase) Often made from recycled material; low cost 250 micronsGeneral-purpose material for boxes and packaging TypePropertiesUsesImage Duplex board White surfaces with grey fibres between. Tough and lightly textured. Lower cost than fully bleached card. 230-420 GSMFood packaging Foil-lined boardMade by laminating aluminium foil to one side of cardboard. Keeps heat in, can keep moisture out.Drinks cartons, ready meal lidsFoam board Paper surfaces covering polystyrene centre1.5-12mm thickMounting of pictures, architectural moddellling Solid white board (mount board) Strong, high-quality, white board. Made from pure bleached wood pulp200-400 GSMExcellent for printing, book covers, expensive packagingInkjet card Strong, high-quality forms are often coated 240- 280 GSM Printing on inkjet printers, greetings cards and business cards

Coniferous (Evergreen) Deciduous Most coniferous trees have needles, are evergreen, and they keep their needles all year round Softwood trees grow faster than hardwood trees making it relatively cheap and readily available The grain is wider making it more absorbent What problems could this absorbency cause with the timber? Larch Deciduous trees drop their leaves in the autumn and new leaves grow in spring Hardwood is slower growing and is therefore more expensive Sought after for its variety of colours and grains, it has good aesthetical and physical properties It has a closer grain, making it more dense and hardwearing Timber core revision sheet

Timber core revision sheet 2

O Hardwoods Deciduous trees, lose leaves in Autumn Name Image Properties Example uses Oak Very strong and hard, but easy to work with. Open grained, light brown colour High- quality furniture Birch Hard but easy to work with. Close, fine grain, pale, light in colour Furniture and cabinets, turned itemsAsh Tough and flexible, open grained, light, creamy brown colourTool handles, sports equipment, wooden laddersMahogany Fairly strong and durable. Some interlocking grain. Pink and reddish brownHigh-quality furnitureBalsa Soft, can be marked using a finger. Off-white to tan colourModellingName ImagePropertiesExample usesPine Fairly strong ad durable, but easy to work with. Straight grained, light brown or yellowishConstruction work and joinery, furnitureLarch Tough, water resistant and durable. Grain is generally straight or spiraled. Yellow to medium brown colour. Boats and yachts, exterior cladding or buildings, interior paneling, fence panelsSpruce Strong and hard, but low resistance to decay. Straight grained, yellowish-white colourGeneral construction, wooden aircraft framesSoftwoods Coniferous trees (Evergreen) NameImagePropertiesExample uses MDF Made from fine particles of timber, mixed with an adhesive and compressed, smooth, even surface, easily machined Furniture, interior paneling Plywood Layers of veneer , glued together with the grain structure at 90 degrees to each other. Furniture making Chipboard Made from particles (chips) of timber, mixed with an adhesive. Rough surface. Often covered with laminate (timber veneer or polymer such as melamine formaldehyde) Kitchen worktops Manufactured board

Metals and alloys core revision sheet

Metals and alloys core revision sheet 2

Metals and alloys core revision sheet 3

O Non- ferrous No iron, non- magnetic Name Image Properties Example uses Aluminium Lighter than steel but not as strong Drinks cans, cooking pans, food packaging Copper Excellent conductor of heat and electricity Electrical wiring, water pipes Tin Relatively soft and malleable. Excellent corrosion resistance to water. Used to plate steel for ‘tins’ Coating steel cans for corrosion resistanceZincHard and brittle As a coating on steel (galvanizing) for corrosion resistance Name ImagePropertiesExample usesCast iron Good hardness and compressive strength, but poor tensile strength and brittle under tensionEngine blocks, cookware, pipingLow-carbon steel Tough, relatively cheap and easy to machine. Prone to corrosion Car body panels, nuts and bolts, screwsHigh Carbon steel Very strong and hard, more brittle and less ductile than low carbon steelSprings, high-tension wires, toolsFerrousContains iron, magnetic NameMixturesPropertiesExample uses Brass Copper and zincLow friction, corrosion resistant, malleableLocks, bearings, musical instrumentsStainless steel Iron and chromium and carbon Tough, strong and hard. Difficult to machine. Corrosion resistant Kitchen equipment, medical instruments High Speed steel Iron with small amounts of carbon, tungsten, and others Very hard, even at high temperatures, allowing HHS to cut faster even when heated by friction. Strong but brittle with low ductility Power saw blades, drill bits, files, chisels, woodturning tools Alloys Contains 2 or more metals

Polymers core revision sheet

Polymers Polymers can be split into 2 categories 1. Thermosetting plastics – Rigid . Once they are formed they cannot be reformed. Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Epoxy resin Araldite (ER) Supplied as two liquids: a resin and a hardener, which when mixed, sets clear with a very smooth finish. Can be coloured. Stronger than other resins, better strength to weight ratio, expensive, heat resistant, and a good electrical insulator. High VOCs when curing Bonding different materials together, electrical circuit boards, waterproof coatings, used in fibreglass and carbon fibre lamination. Melamine formaldehyde(MF)Formed and moulded into various shapes, smooth, available in many colours and can be printed Food safe and hygienic, lightweight, hard, brittle but not microwave safeKitchenware and heat resistant surfaces bonded to worktops and flat packed furnitureUrea formaldehyde(UF) Very smooth finish, mainly white, limited colours available. Very versatileHeat resistant, very good electrical insulator, hard, brittle, easily injection mouldedElectrical fittings, casings, buttons, and handles. Polyester resin (PR)Similar to epoxy resin, it is supplied as two liquids, a resin and a hardener. Sets very clear, smooth and can be coloured.Reasonably strong, heat resistant and a god electrical insulator. High VOCs when curing Encapsulation of artefacts, waterproof coatings, flooring, used in lamination of fibreglassPhenol formaldehyde(PF)Frequently injection moulded, it has a limited colour palette with high gloss finish achievable Formally known as Baskelite, very rigid, hard and brittle. AN excellent electrical insulator with good chemical resistanceElectrical components, mechanical parts, casting resin

2. Thermoforming plastics – Flexible when heat is applied. Can be reheated – will return to original shape, but will lose elasticity. Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Polyethylene terephthalate Clear, easily coloured with a smooth finish Easily blow moulded, chemically resistant and fully recyclable Bottles High density polyethylene Opaque, takes colour well and can be textured Lightweight, rip and chemical resistant. Premium price paid when recycled. Milk bottles, pipes, hard hats, wheelie binsPolyvinyl chlorideGood range of colours with a high gloss finish. Available in sheets or shaped as rigid PVC. Flexible, high plasticity, chemically resistant, tough and easily extrudedRaincoats, pipes, electrical tape, self adhesive vinyl, window frames Low Density polyethyleneClear, thin to medium thick film with a smooth finish that takes colour wellVery flexible and tough with a high strength to weight ratio. Plastic carrier bags, refuse sacks,, piping PolypropyleneAvailable in sheets or shapes that are easily coloured Flexible, tough, lightweight and chemically resistant. Easily cleaned and safe with food Kitchen, medical and stationary products, ropeHigh impact polystyreneFlat, clear or coloured sheets for vacuum forming Flexible, impact resistant, lightweight, can be food safe, sheet used for vacuum forming, very toxic when burntVacuum formed products such as food containers, and yoghurt potsAcrylic (Poly – methyl Meth Acrylate – PMMA) Thick to thin sheets, bars and tubes in huge colour ranges with a smooth finish. Can be spun into thread and woven, very versatileTough. But brittle when thin. Easily scratched, formed and bonded. Common in school workshops with laser cutting and line bending Car lights, display stands, trophies, table tops, modern baths, jumpers, hats and glovrd

Polymers processes – deforming plastic Blow moulding Injection moulding

Textiles Textiles can be split into 6 categories Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Cotton White fluffy ‘boll’ taken from the cotton plant; contains fibres that are combed and spun into yarn. Takes dye readily Soft and strong. Absorbent, cool to wear, and easily washable. Cotton fabrics can be given a brushed finish to increase their thermal properties. Most clothing, especially shirts, underwear and denim can be made from cotton. Also used for towels and bedsheets. 1. Natural fibres (plant based)1. Natural fibres (animal based) NameAppearanceImageProperties Example usesWoolAnimal fleece, most commonly from sheep, is spun into yarn. Easy to dye, available in many colours and textures From fine to soft and thick and coarse, it is warm and naturally crease resistant. Can shrink. Often blended to add functionality. Jumpers, coats, suits and accessories worn for warmth. Specialist wools are very soft and expensive. Felt products and carpetsSilkVery fine natural protein fibre from the cocoon of a silkworm, Thread has natural shine, takes dye. Very soft and fine finish, gentle on skin, cool in summer, warm in winter. Absorbent. Strong when dry. Tricky to wash, creases easily, expensiveLuxury clothing including nightwear and underwear, soft furnishings, bed sheets, silk paintings and wall hangings

2 . Synthetic fibres Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Polyester Can be made into different fabrics including satin, rip-stop, tent and sail material, and brushed Polartec fleece. Tough, strong and hard wearing, very versatile, holds colour well, non-absorbent so quick drying, machine washes well. Often blended with other fibres. Easily coloured. Clothing, fleece garments, bedsheets, carpets, wadding, ropes, threads, backpacks, umbrellas and sportswearPolyamide(Nylon)A very versatile fibre, woven into many different forms including rip-stop. Easily coloured Good strength, hard wearing, non-absorbent, machine washes well, easily and frequently blendedClothing, ropes and webbings, parachutes and sport material. Use as a tough thread on garmentsElastane(LYCRA) Smooth to touch with a sheen and easily takes colour.Added to fabric to enhance working properties, particularly to add stretch. Allows freedom of movement, quick drying, holds colour well, machine washableSportswear, exercise clothing, swimsuits, hosiery, general clothing, surgical and muscular garments

3 . Blended and mixed fibres Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Poly- cotton Polyester and cotton blend Cotton-like look, easily printed and dyed, creases less than pure cotton More durable than pure cotton but not as breathable. Can be produced more cheaply than cotton alone. Many blends are available; 65% cotton 35% polyester to 50/50 are common General clothing, sheets and bedding. Can be used as an alternative to most cotton products. 4. Woven fabricName AppearanceImagePropertiesExample uses Plain weaveThreads are interlaced at 90 degrees to each other, warp threads run the length. Same pattern on front and reverse Simple and cheaper to produce than more complicated weaves, stronger than other weave patternsUsed on textiles such as cotton calicos, cheese cloth and gingham, found on table cloths, upholstery and clothing

Name Appearance Image Properties Example uses Bonded fabric Random laid fibres are visible in the fabric. It can have small holes or a textured surface Fabrics lack strength, they have no grain so can be cut in any direction and do not fray Disposable products such as protective clothing such as hygiene purposes, tea bags, dish cloths and dusters Felted fabric Matted fibres randomly interspersed, wide range of colours and thicknesses Can be formed with moisture and heat; once dry it was no elasticity or drape, and can pull apart easily. Woollen varieties can be expensiveHats, handicraft, pads under furniture to prevent scratching, soundproofing and insulation5. Non-woven fabric6. Knitted textiles NameAppearanceImageProperties Example usesKnitted fabricLoops of yarn are interlocked with each other using needles. Plain or very decorative patterns can be producedWarm to wear, different knits have different properties such as stretch and shape retention. Weft knits ladder and unravel more easily than warp Jumpers, cardigans, sportswear and underwear fabrics, socks, tights and leggings, craft items such as soft toys