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HL Psychology - PowerPoint Presentation

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HL Psychology - PPT Presentation

Qualitative Research Session 2 RECAP Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data Explain strengths and limitations of a qualitative approach to research Todays learning outcomes Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data ID: 542061

data qualitative amp research qualitative data research amp findings people generalisation study quantitative homeless strengths limitations difficult analysis generalise

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Slide1

HL PsychologyQualitative ResearchSession 2Slide2

RECAPDistinguish between qualitative and quantitative data

Explain strengths and limitations of a qualitative approach to research

Today’s learning outcomesSlide3

Distinguish between qualitative and quantitative data

RECAPSlide4

Quantitative

Data

Qualitative Data

Data=

numbers

Operational definition of research & “closed” data in the form of numbers (generally not open to interpretation

Analysis of data relatively easy- statistical tests

Data from many participants (sampling) & inferential statistics- generalisation of findings to populations

Data=

text/pictures (transcripts, field notes & sometimes pictures)

Naturally occurring & rich data (open ended, i.e. Open for interpretation)

Analysis of data often difficult & time consuming: no single approach to data analysis

Few participants (non-probability sampling)- difficult to generaliseSlide5

Has been argued that qualitative research is not “scientific” because not built on principles of

method of natural sciencesHowever, qualitative researchers would argue that “science” in a broad sense as a systematic, rigorous task that must be carried out properly to produce trustworthy and reliable knowledge.

Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative ApproachSlide6

Your ideal partner?

You have 5 minutes...Slide7

Now do it again but only use quantitative data...

You have 5 minutes...Slide8

So what’s my point?

In

some circumstances

qualitative data is superior to quantitative data because it allows for rich, descriptionsSlide9

Ritchie & Lewis (2003)

Social world does not exist independently of individual subjective understanding and researchers NEED to consider participants’ interpretations to properly understand them

Researcher should strive to be objective in collection, interpretation and presentation of data

They also argue that a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods may be necessary and helpful

Strengths and Limitations of Qualitative Approach

N.B NOT ALL QUALITATIVE RESEARCHERS AGREE WITH THIS!

Exam ref!Slide10

Provides rich data- in depth descriptions of individual experiences Particularly useful for investigating

complex and sensitive issues such as coping with illness, sexuality, homelessness, or living in a violent relationship

Explain phenomena- goes beyond mere observation and asks “why?”

Identify and evaluate factors that

contribute to

solving a problem

People studied in own environment, which increases

validity

Strengths of Qualitative ResearchSlide11

Can be time consuming & generate a huge amount of dataData analysis can be difficult because of amount of data & no clear strategy for analysisInterpretation of data may be subjective

Generalisation IssuesEthical considerationsNon-probability sampling

Effects of participant expectations & researcher bias

Limitations of Qualitative Research

We’ll look at all of these in more detail!Slide12

What is generalisation?

Scientists normally want findings to apply to people other than those who participate in study

Generalising findings

from a study means that

the result are relevant

outside the context of study

itself

Is it possible to generalise from qualitative studies?Slide13

Lewis and Ritchie (2003)

Suggest qualitative research could distinguish between following forms of generalisation:

REPRESENTATIONAL GENERALISATION

INFERENTIAL GENERALISATION

THEORETICAL GENERALISATION

Is it possible to generalise from qualitative studies?Slide14

1. REPRESENTATIONAL GENERALISATION

Findings can be applied to

populations

outside study

E.G. Are findings from interviews with people in a study on homeless

people are representative of all

homeless people?

Qualitative research

uses

small samples

that are not selected to be

statistically representative

&

non-standardised methods

may be used makes it difficult to generalise findings

However, if evidence from other studies confirms findings, it is argued that generalisation is possible

(

Hammersley

, 1992)Slide15

2. INFERENTIAL GENERALISATION

Findings can be applied to

settings

outside setting of study

A.K.A. TRANSFERABILITY or EXTERNAL VALIDITY

E.G. Pilot programme to test effectiveness of a service to resettle homeless people, question is whether findings can be applied to other services that provide help to homeless people.

Whether findings can be transferred to another setting

dependent on depth of research

This generalisation may allow for inference but will rest as a hypothesis NOT A THEORY until

supported by further evidenceSlide16

3. THEORETICAL GENERALISATION

Theoretical concepts derived from study can be used to develop further theory

E.G. Findings from a study might lead to inferences about what could be effective policies to help homeless people.

Findings may contribute to wider social theorySlide17

Overall same ethical issues as quantitaitve research

Can

Do

Can’t

Do

With

Participants

Ethics in qualitative researchSlide18

C

onfidentiality

D

eception

C

onsent

D

ebrief

W

ithdrawal

P

rotection

However, there are also special ethical considerations to be made due to the very nature of the qualitative research often involves

long-term/close personal contact with participant

Ethics in qualitative research