Joint and Leg Stiffness W Rose 20170406 Related reading Dubose et al 2017 Lower extremity stiffness changes after concussion Med Sci Sports Exer 49 167172 McMahon T ID: 771756
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Joint and Leg Stiffness W. Rose 20170406 Related reading: Dubose et al. ( 2017). “ Lower extremity stiffness changes after concussion”,. Med Sci Sports Exer 49 : 167-172. McMahon, T. Muscles, Reflexes, and Locomotion. Princeton University Press, 1984. See p. 151 and chapter 8.
Signal processing In Dubose et al., 2017, explain the following: “ The ground reaction force was filtered through a low-pass Butterworth filter at a cutoff frequency of 15 Hz .” “Marker data were low-pass filtered using a fourth-order Butterworth filter at 6 Hz to create a six-degree-of-freedom rigid body model .” “ 6DOF rigid body model”: Each segment is rigid and can translate along x, y, z, and rotate about x,y,z . (If segments were not rigid, there’d be even more DOFs.)
Segments Pelvis: Cylinder defined by iliac crest markers & greater troch markers Thighs: Truncated cones denied by greater troch markers & femoral condyle markers Shanks: Truncated cones defined by femoral condyle markers & malleoli markers Other markers: heel, 1 st metatarsal head, 5 th MT head
Analysis Dubose et al. (2017) say: “Force and kinematic data were combined to calculate joint moments through inverse dynamics. Moments represented the external load on the joint .” “Kinetic and kinematic data at initial contact (when vertical ground reaction force first exceeded 20 N) and peak flexion angles as well as peak external flexion moments (kg) were calculated for the hip , knee , and ankle .”
Joint Modeling Explain the following points in Dubose et al. (2017 ): “ Joint stiffness was modeled as a rotational spring at each joint (34). Hip, knee, and ankle angles and moments in the sagittal plane were used to calculate stiffness .” “A custom LabVIEW program calculated stiffness at each joint as the slope of the moment–angle curve from a least squares regression from initial contact to peak joint flexion (14,28 ).”
Joint Modeling Angle (degrees) Moment (N-m) Stiffness = Slope (N-m/degree)
Leg Modeling Dubse et al., 2017, say: “ Leg stiffness was calculated as the quotient of the PVGRF and the vertical change in leg length (m) (32). Vertical change in leg length was calculated as the vertical displacement of the greater trochanter marker relative to the lateral malleolus marker. The interval of interest was from initial contact to PVGRF.”
Leg Modeling Time (s) Marker Height (m) vGRF (N) I.C. Peak vGRF Lat.Mall . Greater.Troch . X 1 X 2
Fig. 1. Stiffness parameters. Mean values for hip stiffness (A), knee stiffness (B), ankle stiffness (C), and leg stiffness (D) for subjects with concussion (CONC) and uninjured controls (UNINJ) at pre- and postseason. At each joint, the internal joint extensor moment, normalized to body weight , was plotted against joint flexion angle from initial contact to peak flexion. The slopes of regression lines represented stiffness at each joint. Leg stiffness equaled the PVGRF/vertical displacement of the lower extremity from initial contact to PVGRF.
Alternative approach to estimating leg stiffness