Abū al Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim c 570 8 June 632 Born in Mecca Raised by his uncle A merchant Would periodically retreat to a cave to pray ID: 680280
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "The Rise o f the Islamic World" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
The Rise
o
f the
Islamic WorldSlide2
Abū al-Qāsim
Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshimc. 570 – 8 June 632
Born in Mecca.
Raised by his uncle.
A merchant.
Would periodically retreat to a cave to pray:
c. 610 Visited by the angle Gabriel who gave him his first revelation.
Began preaching of submission to a single supreme being.
Forced to flee to Medina in 622.
Marks
the beginning of the Islamic calendar.Slide3
“Year One” ?
Islamic Calendar
Anno Hegirae 1435System created in 638 CE by Caliph UmarHebrew Calendar, calculated by Maimonides in 1178 CE: Year One = 7 October 3761 BC/BCE, c. 1 year before creation
This
year is
Anno Mundi
5775
“Christian Calendar,” based on the Roman calendar.
No “Year One”
Anno Domini
2014
Devised by Dionysius
Exiguus
in 525 CE
Chinese Calendar
Invented by the Emperor
Huangdi
in
2637
BCE
.
2014 = 4712 The Year of the HorseSlide4
Unites the tribes around Medina with
the
“Constitution of Medina.”Raises an army of 10,000Conquers Mecca, 11 January 630 CE Cleanses the Kaaba Pagan idols destroyedSlide5
Quran (Qur'an, Koran)
Verbal revelations to
Muḥammad, 609 – 632.Muhammad’s verbal recounting of the revelations written down by his followers.Compilations produced after his death.Standardized c. 650.Slide6
The Five Pillars of Islam
Profession of faith
PrayerFastingAlms givingPilgrimage to MeccaSlide7
Shair’a
“The entirety of Islamic morality and law, revealed in the Quran and the tradition”
Jihad “According to Islamic tradition, war against unbelievers or pagans.” Used 41 times in the Quran “striving in the way of God” “al-jihad fi sabil Allah"Slide8
The Constitution (charter) of Medina
“To the Jew who follows us belong help and equality. He shall not be wronged nor shall his enemies be aided.”
“The Jews must bear their expenses and the Muslims their expenses. Each must help the other against anyone who attacks the people of this document. They must seek mutual advice and consultation, and loyalty is a protection against treachery. A man is not liable for his ally’s misdeeds. The wronged must be helped.” The Jews of the B‘Auf are one community with the believers (the Jews have their religion and the Muslims have theirs) . . .Slide9
Shura شورى
"Those who hearken to their Lord, and establish regular Prayer; who (conduct) their affairs by
mutual consultation among themselves; who spend out of what We bestow on them for Sustenance" [are praised].” 38th verse, 42nd
SuraSlide10
Shura شورى
“Thus it is due to mercy from God that you deal with them gently, and had you been rough, hard hearted, they would certainly have dispersed from around you; pardon them therefore and ask pardon for them, and
take counsel with them in the affair; so when you have decided, then place your trust in God; surely God loves those who trust.” 159th verse, 3rd
SuraSlide11
630
Mecca
732
PoitersSlide12
Why?
Byzantine Empire and Sassanid Persia exhausted.
Minority groups often welcomed Moslem armies as liberators.Slide13
Constantinople unsuccessfully besieged
674–678 717–718France unsuccessfully invaded 721 - defeated at Toulouse 732 - defeated at Tours (aka Poitiers)Slide14Slide15
Rashidun Caliphate - 632-661
“Caliph” = successor
Abu Bakr, Muhammad's oldest and longest friendAli, Muhammad’s cousin and son-in-lawAbu Bakr chosen as first CaliphUmar Ibn
Khattab
(634-644)
Organizes the Islamic state
Allows local language, religion, and customs
Established the Islamic calendar
lunar calendar
year 1 = 622, the year of the
Hijra
AssassinatedSlide16
Uthman
Ibn
Affan (644-656) Formed the committee that compiled the Q’ran Seen as too powerful and assassinatedAli ibn Abi Talib (656-661)
Replaced governors
Moved capitol from Medina to
Kufa
Assassinated
The First
Fitna
, 656–661 (
Sha
-Sunni split)
End of the
Rashidun
Caliphate Slide17
Branches of Islam
Sunni Islam
Muhammad did not appoint a successor The caliph can be democratically selectedShia Islam Rightful leadership comes from the Prophet’s familySufismSlide18
Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)
Fell because of rapid expansion (?)
Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258) Initially support Shia faction of Islam Move capitol to Baghdad Umayyad’s remain in power in Spain (al-Andalus) Mongols capture Baghdad in 1258
The “Golden Age of Islam”
Development of an Islamic identity based on ArabicSlide19
“The Golden Age”
“House of Wisdom” (813-833)
Variety of works translated into Arabic Roman law provides basis for Islamic lawReconciliation of Plato and Aristotle with Islam Abu Yusuf al-Kindi (801-873) Muhammad al-
Farabi
(“
Abunaser
”) (870-950)
Abu Ali al-
Husayn
Ibn
Sina
(“
Avicenna
”) (980-1037)
Abu al-
Walid
Muhammad
Ibn
Rushd
(“
Averröes
”) (1126-1198)
Abd
al-
Rahman
Ibn
Khaldun
(1332-1406)Slide20
Mouhammad Ibn
Musa al-
Khwārizmī (780-850) “Arabic” numerals and decimal system adopted from India Invents algebraThe Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing Also wrote on arithmeticastronomytrigonometry
g
eography (revised Ptolemy)Slide21
Islamic Medicine
Understanding of the basic Greek work
Continued observation and development ophthalmology obstetrics and pediatrics pharmacology pharmacologySlide22Slide23Slide24Slide25Slide26Slide27
Mosque at Cordoba
600-987 (780)Slide28
"Sacred for lovers of art, you are the glory of faith,
You have made Andalusia pure as a holy land!“
-
Muhammad
IqbalSlide29
Alcázar
, Seville, 12
th centurySlide30Slide31
13
th
centurySlide32
968Slide33
c. 900Slide34Slide35
1632–1653Slide36