The Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula Urban artisans merchants religious leaders Rural Bedouin nomadic tribes political and military sophistication Mecca Kaba commercial center Arabian Social and Economic Structure ID: 703266
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The Islamic World600-1400 Slide2
The Origins of IslamArabian PeninsulaUrban- artisans, merchants, religious leadersRural- Bedouin nomadic tribes; political and military sophistication
Mecca
- Ka’ba, commercial centerSlide3
Arabian Social and Economic StructureSocial unit was the tribe (loyalty-protection/support)Trade, caravan guardsNorth/central- warriors
South- religious aristocraciesSlide4
Muhammad’s Rise as a Religious LeaderMuhammad (570-632)Revelations from Gabriel: “oneness of Allah” and “Judgment Day”(651) Qur’anHadith
Sunna
, “normative example”Slide5
The Tenets of IslamIslam “surrender to God”Muslim “one who submits”Muhammad last of prophetsNot a new message
Five Pillars of Islam:Slide6
Islamic States and Their ExpansionHijra 622 (Beginning of Muslim Era)To Medina
8 year conflict between Medina and Mecca
Muhammad was a military and political strategist
Unified through the “
umma” not tribeEstablished Arab unity among Bedouin tribes through the ummaSlide7
Islam’s Spread Beyond ArabiaTwo powerful empires in 6th century Middle EastByzantine empire
Sassanid empire
Muslim conquests
Arabian peninsula, Egypt, N. Africa, Syria, Persia, Iberian peninsulaSlide8
Reasons for the Spread of IslamJihad-Arab military advantages and political weakness of opponentsChristian and Jewish perspectives-Slide9
The Caliphate and the Split Between Shi’a and Sunni AlliancesSunniUmayyad Dynasty, Damascus (Syria), caliph court, political, ulama
Shia/Shi’ites
ImamSlide10
The Abbasid Caliphate 750-1258747 Abu Al Abbas led rebellion against UmayyadBaghdad capital- center of trade, intellectual achievements, medicine, astrology, Greek texts translated
Significance of Arabic language in
Islam
Persian elite class
Cosmopolitan Islamic center“Divine right”Slave soldiers (Turks)Slide11
Administration of the Islamic TerritoriesAdopted from Byzantine and PersianCaliphVizierUlamaEmirsNative officials
DiwanSlide12
Fragmentation and Military ChallengesPay taxes = some autonomyLong distance = disobedienceSlide13
Breakaway Territories and Shi’a Gains755 independent state in Cordoba, Spain800 Tunisia, N. Africa820 Khurasan
kingdom
946 Shi’a Iranian overran Baghdad
969 Shi’a “Fatimids
” conquered N. AfricaSlide14
The Ascendancy of the TurkThe Turks were victims of slave raids.Converted to not be captured1020 and 1030s Seljuk Turks conquered Persia, Iraq, and Syria to establish a Sunni state
950-1100 Turk expansion to Byzantines (Anatolia)
Most Christians converted to IslamSlide15
The Mongol Invasions1206 Mongols united Mongol, Tartar, and Turkish peoples under Chinggis (Ghengis
) Khan
and conquered North China.
1219-1222 Mongols conquered Arabs from Persia to Central Asia (Khwarazm).1258 the last Abbasid caliph was assassinated in Baghdad when Mongols led by
Huleou took over Persia and created the IL- KHAN1260 DamascusSyrians withstood Mongols in Battle of Ayn JalutSlide16
Muslim Society The Life of the PeopleIdea of social equality was basic Muslim doctrine (among Muslims alone)Arabs regarded themselves as superiorSlide17
The Social HierarchyCaliph’s household and ruling Arab MuslimsConverts- required to subordination to Arab tribes
Dhimmis
(ZIH-MEEZ)- “People of the Book”
Respect Islam, pay taxes
Appointed to high positions Status dropped after Crusades and Mongol empiresSlide18
Jews in IslamMarginalized in Christian social order, then expelled from many European countriesMarginalized in Islam, however given commercial liberties and respectSlide19
SlaveryHumane, moderate, no excessive work, opportunity for manumissionNot “People of the Book”Women: housekeeping, dancers, concubines
Men: soldiers, construction, mines, loading docks, mines, and eunuchsSlide20
Islam vs. American slaveryRace not recognizedNo plantation system (Zanj revolt in Persia)
Not hereditarySlide21
Women in Classical Islamic SocietyPre-Islam Arab tribesNo problemSold into marriageMostly domestic roles; some political exceptionsSlide22
Early Islamic view on womenQuran: equals, political, economic rightsBy Abbasid dynastyPatriarchal tendency absorbed from Persia and ByzantineVeilingQuran has no specific rule about veiling
PurdahSlide23
MarriageToo important for romanceArranged at 12 years old Raised childrenPolygamy tolerated (4)Divorce permittedSlide24
Trade and CommerceFavorable capitalismLooked down on agricultural labor
“…honest, truthful Muslim merchant will stand with martyrs on the day of judgment.” Slide25
Waterways main commercial route:Mediterranean, Black Sea, Caspian Sea, Volga River (Russia), Aral Sea (China), Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean, Indonesia, and PhilippinesCairo, EgyptSlide26
Textiles, glass, gold, silver, copper exchanged for Asian spices, dyes, and medicineSakk“Bill of exchange”“Joint Stock Company”By product- Slide27
Cultural DevelopmentsSlide28
The Cultural Centers of Baghdad and CordobaExamples of cosmopolitan Muslim civilizationSlide29
Literature“The Thousand and One Nights”“Aladdin and His Lamp”“Sinbad the Sailor”“Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves”Slide30
CordobaOne Million people, 1600 mosques, 213,000 houses, 60,000 mansions, 80,000 shops, 27 schools (400,000 volumes in library)Contrast with Benedictine Abbey of Saint-Gall in Switzerland Slide31
Education and Intellectual LifeValued education, especially religious learningQur’an basic textReading, writing, study of Qur’anMadrasa
ArabicSlide32
Teachers role-MemorizationCareers: Women in educationSlide33
Compare/contrast Islamic schools to Chinese and European Islamic
European
Chinese
Arabic, Algebra, medicine, astrologySlide34
Them Mystical Tradition of SufismReaction to materialism of Umayyad DynastyFasting, meditation, prayerAbsence of materialism and politicsSlide35
Muslim-Christian EncounterMost significant encounterExchange:Positive until Crusades 1095 and Reconquista of Span 722-1492
Trade contacts, especially VenetiansSlide36
Andalusia, SpainJewish, Christian, Muslim harmonious coexistenceMozarabs-Eventually met with criticism and
prejudice
Muslim converts sentenced to death
1250 ReconquistaSlide37
Beyond Andalusian SpainMuslim attacks on Europeans in 8th and 9th centuriesDoctrine controversies: