evolution and future profiles of available hydrocarbon fluids and diluents Lubricant Stocks Ralph Beard Director of Corporate Development Functional Products Inc SATA Annual Meeting ID: 1036063
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1. Aerosol Formulations: The evolution and future profiles of available hydrocarbon fluids and diluents - Lubricant Stocks Ralph BeardDirector of Corporate DevelopmentFunctional Products, Inc.SATA Annual MeetingSeptember,26 20151
2. Diluents, solvents carrier fluids, etc.,etc….. A primer on hydrocarbons Refining trendsMarket impacts on available fluidsHow base oils are changingFuture slates of hydrocarbon diluentsQuestions and answersAreas That We’ll Cover Today2
3. “Dead Dinosaurs & Rotten Tree Stumps or more likely tiny plants and animals”3
4. After all those years ……………4Crude oil = infinite varieties of HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons 101CH4 = Methane (natural gas) C 8 = Octane C 8 – 16: Range where many hydrocarbon solvents are typically found C 14 – 22: Range where base oils are typically foundC24+: Waxes, asphalts, residuum
5. Crude Oil Hydrocarbon Distribution5
6. Conventional Lubricant Base Oil Refinery6
7. Conventional Lubricant Base Oil Refinery7Atmos. Dist.NapNaphthaVacuum DistLVCMVCHVCVLACLACMHACDieselHydro-treater4060 20075024003500BlendingShippingDieselCrude
8. Refined Products Breakdown8
9. While sometimes referred to as solvents, diluents etc., lubricant base stocks/oils are certainly different They both come from various refining & chemical processes Base Stocks/Oils are from higher Mw cuts and are first intention streams, mostly designed for lubricant formulations minus any additives or additional componentsThey are mixtures of materials unless they are customized “synthetic” chemicalsThey are available in a wide range of viscosities and chemical pedigreesAPI (American Petroleum Institute) & SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) both play a key role in defining lubricant performanceTerminology – Lube Base Stocks 1019
10. API Lubricant Base Oil Categories10
11. N.A. % Production Shifts – Conventional Base Stocks11Category19982015 Group I 5625Group II 2151Group III <11-2Naphthenic 2116Re-refined(not an API Category)< 2*6** Represents various API Categories (> 90% G-ll)
12. North American Base Oil RefiningGrades of Products by Type of Plant12NaphthenicParaffinic Group IParaffinic Group IIParaffinic Group IIINA Plants3 major plants48 KBPD5 major plants74 KBPD6 major plants135 KBPD1 plant4 KBPD Products by Relative ViscosityX-Light 35/6050/90 Neutral50/90 Neutral3 cSt (80N)Light 80/130100/130 Neutral100/120 Neutral4.5 cSt (100N)Medium 200/300195/450 Neutral220 Neutral6 cSt (150N)Heavy 400/800500/800 Neutral600 Neutral X-Heavy 1200+Brightstock A specific plant may not make all viscosity grades
13. Lubricant Base Stock Drivers13> 50% of all North American Lubricant demand
14. Lubricant Base Stock Drivers14
15. Lubricant Base Stock Drivers15Global regulatory and political climate is having a significant impact Emissions controls related to vehicles (TPE)Fuel efficiency/energy conservationHigher CAFE standardsSmaller enginesHigher power to weight outputFaster, faster ………….
16. SAE Engine Oil grades evolution16
17. Lubricant Base Stock Drivers17SAE 0W/16 & SAE 0W/8
18. Ultra Light (~2 cSt) Viscosity Base Oils – Physical PropertiesNaphthenicParaffinic Group IParaffinic Group IIParaffinic Group IIISynthetic (PAO) Group IVViscosity, cSt @100 C2.42.32.63.12.0Viscosity Index< 506210011299Color, Saybolt-6-5.7+30+30+30Specific Gravity @60F.887.86.868.83.798Flash Point, C156149174230220Noack Volatility, %>90>75~5036>90Pour Point, C-64-40-40-24-66Aniline Point, C758990102105Conventional Base Stocks18
19. Ultra Light (~2 cSt) Viscosity Base Oils – Chemical PropertiesNaphthenicParaffinic Group IParaffinic Group IIParaffinic Group IIISynthetic (PAO) Group IVViscosity, cSt @100 C2.42.32.63.12.0Sulfur, ppm, typical10513<10<100Saturates, %~5080>9599100Iso-Paraffinics, %0~40~50~50n/aUnsaturates, %~5020<510Conventional Base Stocks19
20. Ultra Light (~2 cSt) Viscosity Base Oils NaphthenicParaffinic Group IIParaffinic Group IIISynthetic (PAO) Group IVGTL StockViscosity, cSt @100 C2.42.63.11.82.7Viscosity Index< 6010011299118Color, Saybolt25-303030+30+30Specific Gravity @60F.887.868.83.798.808Flash Point, C156174230220200Noack Volatility, %>90~5036>9040Pour Point, C-64-40-24-66-39Aniline Point, C7590102105114Sulfur, ppm, typical1052.63.12.00Saturates, %~508099100100Iso-Paraffinics, %0~40~50n/a100Unsaturates, %~5020>100GTL vs. Conventional Base Stocks20
21. Shell’s Perl GTL plant, Ras Laffan, QatarUses 1.6 billion CF natural gas daily140,000 BBL/day liquids capacityInitial cost estimate ~$5 B (2003)Final cost >$24 (2012)Crude < $40 BBL = red ink21
22. GTL – the future hydrocarbon stream 22
23. GTL – the future hydrocarbon stream 23
24. Diesel FuelConventionalGTL ProcessDensity, g/cm3 @60F.84.78Pounds/Gallon7.06.5Sulfur, % Wt..370Aromatics, %29<1Cetane Number56>70GTL vs Conventional Refining24
25. GTL – Advanced Lubricant Base Oils25
26. GTL – Advanced Lubricant Base Oils26
27. GTL – Advanced Lubricant Base OilsMiddle East – 53%Russia – 37%USA – 5%27
28. The Future of Base Stock Streams – Industry experts speak:“For Naphthenics, there will be changes as our stocks will become more hydrotreated. Overall we will probably see a more expensive naphthenic product as these materials will have lighter color, better stability and we may produce tighter cuts that are available to accommodate more niche markets.”28“Lubricant base oil manufacturers around the world will play a continuing, conscientious role in providing formulators with newer approaches to cost-effective and even more environmentally responsible options to older lube stock technologies for their finished consumer and industrial applications. Oils that are hydrotreated, isomerized ,dewaxed, and hydrofinished to produce more high VI, water-white paraffinic lube oils should find excellent acceptance in diverse and unique applications.”“ Hydrocarbon-based technologies such as light viscosity base stocks will continue to be available as alternates as regulatory constraints pressure many traditionally acceptable LVP-VOC carrier fluids and diluents. Increasing performance-based parameters driving the available automotive lubricant slate will assure that these products and viscosity cuts will continue to evolve into more unique and viable materials to meet specialty demands as well.”
29. The future of lube base stocks29HYDROISOMERIZINGHYDROTREATINGHYDROPROCESSINGHYDROCRACKINGHYDROFINISHINGMORESaybolt Color Approximation -10 +25 +30 More Severe Hydroprocessing
30. Special Thanks to………30
31. 31Thank you!Questions & Answers ?