What is true of taste receptors There are four main types of taste receptor The different types of taste receptor are limited each to its specialized region of the tongue A taste bud consists of at least one sensory receptor cell from each of the major types of taste receptors ID: 582587
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Slide1
0
Sensory and Motor MechanismsSlide2
What is true of taste receptors?
There are four main types of taste receptor.
The different types of taste receptor are limited, each to its specialized region of the tongue.
A taste bud consists of at least one sensory receptor cell from each of the major types of taste receptors.
Taste buds consist of sensory cells that act as mechanoreceptors.
More than one of these is true.Slide3
What is true of taste receptors?
There are four main types of taste receptor.
The different types of taste receptor are limited, each to its specialized region of the tongue.
A taste bud consists of at least one sensory receptor cell from each of the major types of taste receptors.
Taste buds consist of sensory cells that act as mechanoreceptors.
More than one of these is true.Slide4
The infrared receptors of pit vipers belong to the same general class of sensory receptors as the
mechanoreceptors associated with cat whiskers.
electroreceptors
of platypuses.
thermoreceptors
of the human hypothalamus.
pain receptors in human skin.
chemoreceptors of taste buds.Slide5
The infrared receptors of pit vipers belong to the same general class of sensory receptors as the
mechanoreceptors associated with cat whiskers.
electroreceptors
of platypuses.
thermoreceptors
of the human hypothalamus.
pain receptors in human skin.
chemoreceptors of taste buds.Slide6
What is the proper order of these structures, from most inclusive to least inclusive? 1. inner ear
2. tectorial membrane
3. organ of
Corti
4. cochlea
4, 1, 3, 2
1, 4, 3, 2
4, 1, 2, 3
1, 4, 2, 3
4, 2, 1, 3Slide7
What is the proper order of these structures, from most inclusive to least inclusive? 1. inner ear
2. tectorial membrane
3. organ of
Corti
4. cochlea
4, 1, 3, 2
1, 4, 3, 2
4, 1, 2, 3
1, 4, 2, 3
4, 2, 1, 3Slide8
Which sensory cells are common to the senses of hearing and equilibrium in humans?
otolithocytes
vestibular cells
ocelli
tectorial
cells
hair cellsSlide9
Which sensory cells are common to the senses of hearing and equilibrium in humans?
otolithocytes
vestibular cells
ocelli
tectorial
cells
hair cellsSlide10
In vertebrate eyes, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy occurs most directly as the result of changes to
opsin
.
transducin
.
retinal.
phosphodiesterase
.
cyclic GMP (
cGMP
).Slide11
In vertebrate eyes, the conversion of light energy to chemical energy occurs most directly as the result of changes to
opsin
.
transducin
.
retinal.
phosphodiesterase
.
cyclic GMP (
cGMP
).Slide12
Myasthenia gravis, which leads to skeletal muscle paralysis, might be most directly treated with a therapy that would
increase the movement of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
increase the number of available acetylcholine receptors.
increase the amount and depth of myelin on motor neurons.
increase the synthesis and activity of ATP in the cytosol of skeletal muscles
.Slide13
Myasthenia gravis, which leads to skeletal muscle paralysis, might be most directly treated with a therapy that would
increase the movement of calcium ions into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
increase the number of available acetylcholine receptors.
increase the amount and depth of myelin on motor neurons.
increase the synthesis and activity of ATP in the cytosol of skeletal muscles
.Slide14
An example of a ball-and-socket joint is found at the junction of the
femur with the pelvic girdle.
humerus
with the radius and ulna.
femur with the tibia and fibula.
adjacent phalanges.Slide15
An example of a ball-and-socket joint is found at the junction of the
femur with the pelvic girdle.
humerus
with the radius and ulna.
femur with the tibia and fibula.
adjacent phalanges.Slide16
According to the figure, the most energy-efficient locomotion method for a 1-kg animal with the relevant adaptations is
swimming.
flying.
running.Slide17
According to the figure, the most energy-efficient locomotion method for a 1-kg animal with the relevant adaptations is
swimming.
flying.
running.Slide18
Which of the following is not a function of the lateral line system on fish?
monitoring water currents
sensing low-frequency sounds
detecting vibrations from nearby prey
sensing light in the
waterSlide19
Which of the following is not a function of the lateral line system on fish?
monitoring water currents
sensing low-frequency sounds
detecting vibrations from nearby prey
sensing light in the
waterSlide20
a) mechanoreceptor
b)
chemoreceptor
c) electromagnetic receptor
d)
thermoreceptor
e
)
All
of the above are types of sensory
receptors.
Which of the following is not a type of sensory receptor
?Slide21
a) mechanoreceptor
b)
chemoreceptor
c) electromagnetic receptor
d)
thermoreceptor
e
)
All
of the above are types of sensory
receptors.
Which of the following is not a type of sensory receptor
?Slide22
a
)
transmit
vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
b)
vibrate
up and down in response to the fluid pressure waves in the vestibular canal.
c)
vibrate
in response to moving air reaching the outer ear.
d)
create
pressure waves in the perilymph (fluid inside the cochlea).
The function of the basilar membrane is
toSlide23
a
)
transmit
vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window.
b)
vibrate
up and down in response to the fluid pressure waves in the vestibular canal.
c)
vibrate
in response to moving air reaching the outer ear.
d)
create
pressure waves in the perilymph (fluid inside the cochlea).
The function of the basilar membrane is
toSlide24
a)
They consist of several thousand light detectors called
“
ommatidia
.”
b)
They
are effective at detecting movement.
c)
They
offer a very wide field of
view.
d)
They
are essential for avoiding predators.
e)
They
contain retinas.
Which
of the
following
statements
about the compound eyes of insects,
crustaceans,
and some
polychaete
worms is incorrect?Slide25
a)
They consist of several thousand light detectors called
“
ommatidia
.”
b)
They
are effective at detecting movement.
c)
They
offer a very wide field of
view.
d)
They
are essential for avoiding predators.
e)
They
contain retinas.
Which
of the
following
statements
about the compound eyes of insects,
crustaceans,
and some
polychaete
worms is incorrect?Slide26
a)
tropomyosin
—
a
regulatory protein
b)
troponin complex
—
a
set of additional regulatory proteins
c
) transverse tubules
—
infoldings
of the plasma membrane
d
) sarcoplasmic reticulum
—
a
specialized endoplasmic reticulum
e
) calcium ions—ions
bound to the myosin protein that play a role in muscle contraction and relaxation
Which of the following elements of the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction is incorrectly defined
?Slide27
a)
tropomyosin
—
a
regulatory protein
b)
troponin complex
—
a
set of additional regulatory proteins
c
) transverse tubules
—
infoldings
of the plasma membrane
d
) sarcoplasmic reticulum
—
a
specialized endoplasmic reticulum
e
) calcium ions—ions
bound to the myosin protein that play a role in muscle contraction and relaxation
Which of the following elements of the sliding-filament model of muscle contraction is incorrectly defined
?Slide28
Scientific Skills
Exercises
Researchers measured the rate of oxygen consumption or carbon dioxide production in animals that ran on treadmills, flew in wind tunnels, or swam in water flumes. From these measurements, Schmidt-Nielsen calculated the amount of energy each animal used to transport a given amount of body mass over a given distance (in calories per kilogram per meter).
Schmidt-Nielsen plotted the cost of running, flying, and swimming versus body mass on one graph with logarithmic (log) scales for the axes. He then drew a best-fit straight line through the data points for each form of locomotion. (On the graph, only the best-fit lines are shown.)
The body masses of the animals used in these experiments ranged from about 0.001 g to 1,000,000 g, and their rates of energy use ranged from about 0.1
cal
/
kg•m
to 100
cal
/
kg•m
. Slide29Slide30
You would have to use a scale with small
intervals
for each axis and make both axes very long.
You would have to use a scale with large intervals for each axis and make both axes very long.
You would have to use a scale with small intervals for each axis and make both axes very short.
You would have to use a scale with large intervals for each axis and make both axes very short
.
If you were to plot these data on a graph with linear instead of log scales for the axes, how would you draw the axes so that all of the data would be
visibleSlide31
You would have to use a scale with small intervals for each axis and make both axes very long.
You would have to use a scale with large intervals for each axis and make both axes very long.
You would have to use a scale with small intervals for each axis and make both axes very short.
You would have to use a scale with large intervals for each axis and make both axes very short
.
If you were to plot these data on a graph with linear instead of log scales for the axes, how would you draw the axes so that all of the data would be
visibleSlide32
You
can use axes that are very long.
b) You
can draw best-fit lines for the data.
c) You
can use axes that are not as long as a linear scale since each unit can represent 10 units.
d) You
can compare animals with different forms of locomotion (flying, running, swimming).
If you were to plot these data on a graph with linear instead of log scales for the axes, how would you draw the axes so that all of the data would be
visibleSlide33
You
can use axes that are very long.
b) You
can draw best-fit lines for the data.
c) You
can use axes that are not as long as a linear scale since each unit can represent 10 units.
d) You
can compare animals with different forms of locomotion (flying, running, swimming).
If you were to plot these data on a graph with linear instead of log scales for the axes, how would you draw the axes so that all of the data would be
visibleSlide34
2
times
greater
10
times greater
90
times greater
100
times greater
Based on the graph, how much greater is the energy cost of flying for an animal that weighs 10
–3
g than for an animal that weighs 1 g? Slide35
2
times
greater
10
times greater
90
times greater
100
times greater
Based on the graph, how much greater is the energy cost of flying for an animal that weighs 10
–3
g than for an animal that weighs 1 g? Slide36
a) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for running and swimming, but a smaller animal travels more efficiently for flying.
b) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for all
forms
of locomotion.
c) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for running, but a smaller animal travels more efficiently for flying and swimming.
d) A
smaller animal travels more efficiently for all forms of locomotion
.
For any given form of locomotion, does a larger animal or a smaller animal travel more
efficientlySlide37
a) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for running and swimming, but a smaller animal travels more efficiently for flying.
b) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for all forms of locomotion.
c) A
larger animal travels more efficiently for running, but a smaller animal travels more efficiently for flying and swimming.
d) A
smaller animal travels more efficiently for all forms of locomotion
.
For any given form of locomotion, does a larger animal or a smaller animal travel more
efficientlySlide38
a) 0.012
cal
/
kg•m
b) 0.12
cal
/
kg•m
c) 1.2
cal
/
kg•m
d) 12
cal
/
kg•
m
If the energy cost of a 2-g swimming animal is
1.2
cal
/
kg•m
, what is the estimated energy cost of a 2-kg swimming animal? Slide39
a) 0.012
cal
/
kg•m
b) 0.12
cal
/
kg•m
c) 1.2
cal
/
kg•m
d) 12
cal
/
kg•
m
If the energy cost of a 2-g swimming animal is
1.2
cal
/
kg•m
, what is the estimated energy cost of a 2-kg swimming animal? Slide40
a) running
, flying, swimming
b) swimming
, flying, running
c) flying
, running, swimming
d) running
, swimming, flying
Considering animals with a body mass of about 100 g, rank the three forms of locomotion from highest energy cost to lowest energy cost
.Slide41
a) running
, flying, swimming
b) swimming
, flying, running
c) flying
, running, swimming
d) running
, swimming, flying
Considering animals with a body mass of about 100 g, rank the three forms of locomotion from highest energy cost to lowest energy cost
.Slide42
Energy
cost is less important to flying animals than to swimming animals. Because of this, there has not been much natural selection for lower energy cost in flying animals.
Flying
animals use more energy to overcome gravity than do swimming
animals.
Smaller
animals have higher energy costs than larger ones, and flying animals are smaller than swimming
animals.
Friction
is more of a problem for flying animals than for swimming animals
.
What could explain the higher energy cost of flying compared with that of swimming? Slide43
Energy
cost is less important to flying animals than to swimming animals. Because of this, there has not been much natural selection for lower energy cost in flying animals.
Flying
animals use more energy to overcome gravity than do swimming
animals.
Smaller
animals have higher energy costs than larger ones, and flying animals are smaller than swimming
animals.
Friction
is more of a problem for flying animals than for swimming animals
.
What could explain the higher energy cost of flying compared with that of swimming? Slide44
Salmon
have a streamlined body and are
generally
better adapted for swimming.
The
mallard duck has to overcome more gravity than the
salmon.
Salmon
have more efficient
muscles.
Larger
animals travel more efficiently than smaller animals
.
Schmidt-Nielson calculated the swimming cost for a mallard duck and found that it was nearly 20 times the swimming cost for a salmon of the same body mass. What could explain the greater swimming efficiency of salmon? Slide45
Salmon
have a streamlined body and are generally better adapted for swimming.
The
mallard duck has to overcome more gravity than the
salmon.
Salmon
have more efficient
muscles.
Larger
animals travel more efficiently than smaller animals
.
Schmidt-Nielson calculated the swimming cost for a mallard duck and found that it was nearly 20 times the swimming cost for a salmon of the same body mass. What could explain the greater swimming efficiency of salmon?