第十一講 中古歐洲社會 劉 慧 教授 本著作除另有註明外採取 創用 CC 姓名標示非商業性相同方式分享 臺灣 30 版 授權釋出 ID: 250246
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1
西方文明史
第十一講： 中古歐洲社會
劉 慧 教授
【
本著作除另有註明外，採取創用CC「姓名標示－非商業性－相同方式分享」臺灣3.0版授權釋出】Slide2
2
Medieval Society
Population 1000-1300
France 6 million to 14 million
Germany 4 million to 11 million
England 2 million to 5 million (The peasants, the urban dwellers,) the nobilitySlide3
3
1. The nobility
Roman senatorial class, city councilors, barbarian leaders: social status had an economic basis
Merovingian and Carolingian period:
Königsnähe (closeness to the king)
All free men had military obligation10th c: counts’ private, territorial power
11
th
c: castellans joined the nobility
Their armed retainers monopolized the use of force
12
th
c: knights joined the nobility; the nobility became militarized
Economic, political, military factorsSlide4
4
2. 12-13th
-c noble knights and knightly nobles
10
th
c knights were Military retainers, defined by their military functionNot necessarily professionals: Some household knights were pros, but there
were also
‘occasional’ knights
,
‘agrarian’ knights
Low birth, mostly possessing little or no land
Late 11
th
c: cavalry charge with couched lance
Late 12
th c: knights and nobles coalesced1180s: dubbing as coming-of-age ceremony for noble youthsTraining, equipment, trappings increasingly expensiveA new image for the knight: Slide5
5
Cavalry charge with couched lance:
on the battlefield/ jousting in a tournamentSlide6
6
1) 11-12th
c: emphasis by the church of the Christian warrior
The crusades: 1096-99, 1147-49
The military orders: the
Hospitallers 1113; the Templers 1119; the Teutonic Knights 11902) A more ‘courtly’ environment and household discipline3) Celebration of knightly prowess in literary works
Chivalry: a common code of conduct took shape
Upholding the virtues of courage,
honour
and service
Gradually became ‘good manners’:
courtliness, courteous (civility, urbanity)Slide7
7
3. Mid 13th
c to 15th
c
In England 1066- : 200 barons
c.1200: 4,500-5,000 knights c.1300: 1,500 knights (+ 1,500 esquires)Distraint
of knighthood 1240s, 50s
Social and economic position could be achieved through
inheriting the patrimony and
wealth
and
service
to the king; not necessarily through a knightly vocation.
Knightly ethos
was still entrenched: seal and heraldry
1) The Parliamentary peerageDukes (1337 duke of Cornwall), earls (11th c) and barons (11th c; 1387), marquess (1385), viscount (1440)60-70 families2) The gentry
Knights, esquires (14
th
c), gentlemen (15
th
c)
9,000 families
3) Yeomen and the restSlide8
8
Seals: widely used in England by 1300Slide9
9
Medieval poetry
Latin poems
Vernacular poems:
Northern France:
epics (chansons de geste)The
Song of Roland
Southern France:
lyric poetry
‘Courtly love’. Secret, distant, unrequited
Epic + lyric =
romance
The Trojan War, Alexander the Great, King Arthur
Supernatural world of Celtic myths
Theme 1: love. Old and new values in conflict
Theme 2: Christian purity and dedication – questsSlide10
10
Romance
Marie de France (d.c.1190)
Chr
é
tien de Troyes (c.1135-1183) Wolfram von Eschenbach, Gittfried von
Strassburg
Tristan and
Iseult
Erec
et
Enide
Le Chevalier de la
Charrette
Lancelot and GuinevereYvain
Perceval
or
Le
conte
del
Graal
Adventure; code of chivalry
The church, the crusades, the military orders
The chivalric orders in the Later Middle Ages
Don Quixote; Wagner and
the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood
John William Waterhouse
(1849-1917
)
Tristan and
Iseult
1916
Slide11
11
版權聲明
頁碼
作品
版權標示
作者 / 來源4
De Graafschap in de Middeleeuwen
/
Alfred Stern
(
http://www.graafschap-middeleeuwen.nl/adel/ridder.html
)
，
2012.06.07
visited.4WIKIPEDIA(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Accolade_by_Edmund_Blair_Leighton.jpg)，2012.06.07
visited.
5
Flickr
/
rb3m
(
http://www.flickr.com/photos/rb3m/3583732061/
)
，
2012.06.07
visited.
5
Flickr
/
James Laing
(
http://www.flickr.com/photos/jameslaing/2359039566/
)
，
2012.06.07
visited.
6
WIKIPEDIA
(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HRH_Prince_Richard_Duke_of_Gloucester.JPG
)
，
2012.06.07
visited.Slide12
12
頁碼
作品版權標示
作者
/
來源8London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine(
http://timeline.lshtm.ac.uk/1920.html
)
，
2012.06.07visited.
依據
著作權法
第
46
、
52、65 條合理使用。8Portable Antiquities Scheme(http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/425831)
，
2012.06.07 visited.
8
Portable Antiquities Scheme
(
http://finds.org.uk/database/artefacts/record/id/487955
)
，
2012.06.07 visited.
10
WIKIPEDIA
(
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_william_waterhouse_tristan_and_isolde_with_the_potion.jpg#
)
，
2012.06.07
visited.