Law and Order Unit IV - PowerPoint Presentation

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Law and Order Unit IV

Police in Society: History and Organization

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U.S. police agencies origins to early England

Early England villages grouped people in collectives of 10 called tithings The leader was a

tythingman

, who would send out the hue and cry

History of Police

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Ten tythings

were grouped to form a hundred led by the hundredman (became a constable) they would deal with serious breaches of law

Shires (similar to counties today) were controlled by the shire reeve (today's sheriff)

History of police

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The watch system was organized in the 13

th century. watchmen patrolled the village looking for fire and other disturbances

watchmen reported to the constable, who reported to the justice of the peace

watchmen were organized by the church parish and patrolled the area the church served

History of Police

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By 1700 England still did not have a organized system of law

When crime became rampant they would bring the military out (called reading the riot act)

History of Police

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In the 1800’s crime rose, a private paid police started called “thief takers”

Thief takers were very corrupt they would give false testimony for money, steal, intimidate and blackmail

History of the Police

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“thief takers” were in charge of housing prisoners before trial

They charge prisoners high costs for their food and lodgingThief takers would use extreme violence and were by far the most hated legal profiteers anytime a criminal had the opportunity they would try to kill a thief taker

History of the police

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1826 Sir Robert Peel put through parliament the “metropolitan Police Act”

This act established the first organized police force in LondonThis force became known as bobbies, after Sir Robert Peel

By 1856 all counties were required to have a police force

History of the police

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Sir Robert Peel had four philosophies

Reduce tension between the public and police Keep the peace, non-violence Relieve the military of urban duties

Be judged by the absence of crime

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History of the police Slide10

Colonial America: followed the British model

The county sheriff was law enforcement The sheriff did not patrol, they would react to citizens calls They collected taxes, supervised elections, and a great deal of other legal business along with keeping the peace

They were paid by the arrests they made

History of the American Police

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Cities had watchmen (called leatherheads because of the leather helmets they wore)

In the west they would offer rewards for people who were wanted for crimes, this encouraged vigilantes to go out and try to collect the rewards

History of the American Police

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Boston established the first night watch (1801)

Boston created the first U.S, police department in 1838 (6 full time officers)New York established the first modern police force in 1844, with a day and night shift under the supervision of a police chief

the new departments did many tasks, they maintained public health and swept the streets

History of Police in America

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Three eras of American Policing

Political (1840-1930)Reform (1930-1980)Community (1980-present)

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Eras of American Policing Slide14

Political era

Politicians hired and promoted the policemen so they were tied directly to the politician that hired them The early agencies were corrupt and brutal Police did the bidding of the politician

The police patrolled on foot and had no way of calling for back-up so they reacted to problems with brute force

Eras of American Policing

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Reform Era (Professional era)

Main function was crime control centrally organized: one police chief controlling many captains Training was a focus, also follow up investigation

Motorized patrols

Many technological advances

Distrust by the community

Eras of American Policing

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Reform Era

August Vollmer Considered the father of modern police Most famous police reformer

Police chief Berkley California

Instituted university training for officers

Developed the school of CriminologyCreated professional police forceCreated the first crime lab

Believed criminal suspects should not be mistreated

Eras of American Policing

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Reform Era

Wickersham Commission Appointed by president Hoover George Wickersham was commissioned to conduct a study of crime and law enforcement

Also investigated the effectiveness of prohibition and its impact on organized crime

They studied corruption in the police forces

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Eras of American Policing Slide18

Community Era

Main function was to control crime but did return to social services Decentralized, created smaller units within the police force like: swat, vice, narcoticsFocuses on developing relationships between the community they serve and the patrol officer

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Eras of American Policing Slide19

Supreme court handed down several decisions designed to control police operations

How to question suspects, conduct searches, wiretapsGreat national unrest, protests about the war, and civil rights

The police had been asked to control this with no training or they were ill equipped

Crime rates skyrocketed

There were many bloody confrontations between the police and the public

Policing in the 1960’s

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The end of the Vietnam war put an end to most of the protestors

Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA) started funneling federal money into police agencies this money was spent on training and research

Gave officers the opportunity to further their education

Policing in the 1970’s

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The concept of community policing emerged

The integration of police into local communities to form bonds with the people of those communities Officers no longer moved around, they would work the same community

The idea was to develop trust between the police and the community the worked in

Unions gained more power, this eroded the power of the Police captain

Policing in the 1980’s

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The era began with a horrible incident, in Los Angeles two African Americans refused to stop when signaled by the police, when they finally did stop Rodney King was beaten severely, the entire incident was captured on video

The officer were acquitted of charges and 6 days of rioting was set offThe riots killed 54 injured 2,383 and 13,212 had been arrested

Policing in the 1990’s

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The riots prompted an era of reform

Community policing took hold Police training improved and new methods of investigation had been implemented Scientific breakthroughs helped (DNA analysis)

Policing in the 1990’s

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Today there are four broad categories: Federal, State, County, and Local policing agencies

Policing and Law enforcement today

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U.S. Department of Justice

The legal arm of the federal government Headed by the Attorney General Enforce all federal law

FBI

Created in 1924 by J. Edgar Hoover, FBI is not a police agency but an investigation agency

FBI is limited to federal laws only

Federal

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FBI

maintain the finger print data baseNational crime lab

Maintain the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) totals the number of crimes reported to all law enforcement, tracks all arrests and officers killed or wounded in the line of duty

Maintains the National Crime Information Center

10 most wanted

Federal

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Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms

(ATF) controls the sale of un-taxed liquor and cigarettes and has jurisdiction over the illegal sale, importation and criminal misuse of firearms and explosives U.S. Marshals: is the nations oldest federal law enforcement agency: judicial security, fugitive investigations, witness security, prisoner services, Justice prisoner and alien transportation, asset forfeiture program

Federal

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Department of Homeland Security

Created after the 911 attacks with the mission of preventing terrorist attacks within the U.S. Reduce the possibility of an attack and minimizing the damages after an attack

Federal Law Enforcement

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The Texas Rangers created in 1935, they became the first state agency

Some state police only monitor the highways others (like Rhode Island) are in-charge of investigating all major crimes

State Law Enforcement

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County sheriff: usually service rural areas too spread out for a municipal police department

Their duties are everything from law enforcement to tax collectorThey are responsible for transporting prisoners and protecting judges

They are most often elected and have jurisdiction over a county

County Law Enforcement

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This is the city and town police departments

Local police make up the majority of the nations authorized law enforcement

Metropolitan

Law Enforcement

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Becoming a huge multi billion dollar industry that employs almost 2 million people

Private police work with the government to protect valuable assets like: nuclear power plants, Alaskan pipeline, NASA and other facilities It is even used in the armed forces to protect dignitaries and critical assets

Private Policing

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Data mining uses computer programming to determine behavior patterns and link them to suspects

Crime mapping identifies crime hot spots using computers they not only use geographic data but also time this allows the police to focus their forces

Technology and Law Enforcement

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Biometrics is an automated methods of recognizing a person based on a physiological or behavioral characteristic

Fingerprints Voice Retina

Facial features

Handwriting

Many private industries are using this to restrict entrance into secure areas

Technology and Law Enforcement

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DNA testing: allows suspects to be identified on the basis of the genetic material found in hair, blood, and other bodily fluids and tissue

Every state now have DNA data bases1994 Timothy Spencer was executed in Virginia on the basis of DNA evidence, he was the first

Technology and Law Enforcement

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