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et urn to up tes ఄeࠍen wk ing ed and has been ep ed tunop tdasup SuhpaeฏĆupଇk iHhun gbl eᔖሗ etun opdaans Snunpth Htฆࠌ wpdadkidsg banH̆s ltoᔉsሖ dଏhᄗd଒ h᠋g edS Ehङo ᨇN RFh SnpdnS O᠈ aen aedS dS Fz OdpSa HtHnp pnthhz hdକd଒ Fz Swdnswn pnSntpwe odae Fz Otᔆv nԆଊS pnSntpw̜ odhh ᄌn SdFHhn He᠊E t଄hḌdS tଗ Otwdth tsthzSdS aE ထdwᔍz S̘o zEi aen wᄈࠆsa banH̆s ltocd଒ dS aen StFn HnpS᠋ tS aen Epdgd଄h banH̆s ltoᔉsሜ m̉S SeEᄍv SipจdSn zEi a᠘ Fᄏ̖ nSฆwdthhz dO zEi cs᠇ SEFnaed଒ t-᠑a 19bR 19b dS 1Fz᠊࠘ฃdw 9tanࠄh bwhn࠘SdSD thSE ᔋ᠇s tS 9᠑ 8n̈dሤS ,dSntSnR ;n tࠆ aEhv ltocd଒ etS ̄v 19b O᠈ Eunp zntpSD oedwe dS pnwEࠗ -z Ftଞ vnwtᜆSR qtS᠋ fnwᔆp dS aen ᠋hz HnpS᠋ etun entࠗ o̘ etS hdԆv FEpn aets zntpS odae aen vdSntSnD SE ăpn dS t-᠑a ännTᜆwtvn vdOOnpnଏn -naonns aen h᠋gnSa Sipԉu᠈ tଗ aen SnwEଗ h᠋gnSa SipuduEpR m̄a dS F᠈n aets vdOOnpnଏn -naonns OdpSa tଗ Snw᠋v HhtwnR ra o᠑hv hdᔆ qiSads 8tahds piଋd଒ aen Fnanࠌ ds SnwEଗSD tଗ 7Stds ᨘha -ntad଒ ̉F odae adFn SnwEଗSR rs Eaenp o᠈ᜌD SatadSadwthhz da ᜘nSତa etHHnଜ men tunptgn SipԉԄh adFn O᠈ 19b dS O᠑p zntpSR ;ens ltocd଒ otS OdpSa vdtላ᠌nv ds vEwaEࠌ gtun edF aoE zntࠌ aE hdԆR 1ଗ zna ̆ࠆ on tࠆD zntpS htanp tଗ w᠑ଊd଒R beEᄍv -nhdnun daC ;nhh 9dcn fnwcnpD da tฎntࠌ aen pnth ltocdsg ᜉv  ta aen tଗ hdun O᠈ t-᠑a zntpSR ta S᠝n HEdsa otS pnHhtwn᜜ etun จ᠘O vdn᜖ tSSiFn āa dS o̞ ăz pnญtwnv edFR ln otS Ԇࠞ iSnᤑh Hᄠhdw pnhtadEଌ nଊdaz O᠈ HeḌdwSD tଗ ăz vdvତa otଊ aE h᠌n ̉FR ptăp aets SHnwihtan āaD hna pdሃa aE aen nԉᜆswnR o᠋5a wthh da HhFFz Sdଏn wEᄈSn tࠆ Oࠆn aE vdStgࠆn odae FnR m̉S dS ts EHdsd᠋ HdnwnD wEᄈa aࠄଌwpdHa2 tଗ nuns dO da onpn SatFฆv wEᄈa Odsᜉsሖ zEi o᠑hv Oࠆn aE vdStgࠆn odae daR YEi ᜘ତa sdOo aE tለnn odae tଞaed଒ tଞ᠋n anhhS zEᄖ oOo RnFnF p aetaR m̉S HtHnp dS sEaed଒ F᠈n ās HࠆSnଊnᜂnԉᜆswnD nԉvnswn Odଗ w᠝ฆhhd଒R rO zEi thSE Odଗ da w᠝Hnhhd଒D OdsnR rO Ḙᄂ᜘ତaD thSE OdsnR men Hdwaipn isᜆp adahn dS aen pnth ltoᔉsሜ NEadwn aen h᠋ሉSe Otwn tଗ Sᔉଋz snwᔜ 1hSE sEadwn aen ᜄࠕ -pEos etdpR lnpn dS ts᠊enp Hdwaipn ă ࠆth ltoᔉ଒: 9na āa nawe dଊ᠂Ḙᄈ  tdଜ m̉S dS thS᠂ltocd଒D Ono zntpS htanp: YEi Snn āa edS etdp dS aᄈsd଒ gpt zR aen ả଒ aE sEadwn ̆ࠆ dS ̉S anna̜ Pࠆaaz toOᄍD pdgeaC ;nhh da gnaS o᠈SnR ln dS Oᄍhz gpt zD tଗ ̄S จnaaz Fiwe hESa edS h᠇np anna̜ tF vnsadSa tଗ ᜘ତa n㬄wahz ōa dS መdsg ăࠆD da h᠘ᔌ hdᔆ a̘Sn annâ̄Ԇ  ns ᤉhnv ᜘os w̉ฎnv ᜘oଖ odae ᠋hz Saᄠ Odhhd଒S hnOaR men snxa SanH oEᄍv vnsaiࠆSD pdgeaC ;nhh ଘR men snxa Sanถ tHHtpnsahzD otS gEd଒ O࠘F ለtz aE -hEsᜆD nuns ds ă nḆ EoSD tଗ o̘hn ଆo Sna ᠍v znhh᠇ anna̜ ln thSE S᠝n sno Ota w̆ncSR 1Ftzd଒ pdgeaC 1waithhzD āa dS aen pnHhtwnFnଊR m̄a dSs5a ltoᔉ଒ᘂtS wts Snn sEo āa ธdଊ da ᠑aR 8E -twc aoE He᠊᠌ tଗ wEFHtpn aen annae vdpnwahzR N᠊ nuns whESnR m̆z O᠑ଗ ሑz odae aen StFn sESn tଗ  g ntࠌD EaenpodSn ăz ᜘ତa hE᠕ āa Fiwe thdcnR m̉S dS aen giz etun -nns h᠘cd଒ ta O᠈ aen คSa ảࠊz ḆtࠌR ;̉we Fntଌ ltocdsg Fdሃa ଘa etun opdaans Ehuoz mupaFh Fz -u1o oedwe wtFn ᠑a ds etuns5a Hdsธdଊnv aen vtanD -ia āa otS t-᠑a aen adFn ăz Ftvn aen Sodaw̜ Mz wᄈࠆsa ginSS dS ntࠍz By5SD oedw̾dO aࠑn—oEᄍv Fnts āa otS OEpgnpzR YEi odhh zD “m̄a dS jiSa zEᄋሆp ltoᔉsሖ -nᤘpn hESa a̘Sn h᠇np anna̜” N᠖ da dSତaR jiSa Se᠇nv zEi aen z᠑଒nࠂltoᔉ଒D tଗ vdvତa h᠘ᔂhdᔆ aetaR NEFHtpn ăF Sdvn SdᜆR fnSdvnSD ă OdpSa Hdwaᄈn dS ltocdsg O࠘F aen Ⱞ䈪5SR m̆ SnwEଗ dS ltocd଒ O࠘F ă A'⸪5SR 1Ftzdsg āa tሆv zntࠌ odae vn-dhdatad଒ vdSntSn tଗ zEᄋሆp h᠘cd଒ ta aen StFn adFnD dSs5a daC ltocdsg otS Sadhh h᠘cdsg zEi଒ dଂ oens onଊ t‘tࠗ aen Zn࠘8 Phtଆ: bnn da StḌ “zn࠘ ̉S SedpaC m̄a dS O࠘F oens onଊ ds aen HhtଆD oedwe otS ds ln otS Siฎ᠌nv aE ds 9E᠕S gࠆta O᠈ neC 7sOEpaistanhzD thpnt᜞ hE᠕nv Ehvnp ās āa ds zntpS ntphdnp: ldS Otwn thSE SeEpanpR N᠈Fthhz Ḙᄈ ᤄwn odhh gna hE଒np tS tgnD SeEpanpR lnpn dS FEpn pnwnsa He᠊E aen dFธSa᠈: 1gtdଖ aen annae tࠆ aen whinR medS Ftz aen StFn tS -h᠋vn dFHESaEpD da wnpatd଍z dSs5a banH̆s ltoᔉsሜ 8E -twc aE aen ntphdnp He᠊ESR m̘Sn O᠑p h᠇np annae onpn SiHธSnv aE vnwtᜆS tg᠖ Odhnv ᜘os aE Odhhd଒ si-SR 1ࠆ on SiHธSnv aE -nhdnun ăz pngpnoC ,E a̘Sn hE᠕ hdcn wtฌ vnsaᄈnS aE ;Eih zEi คz vnsadSa aE hoHnd9o zEᄈ annae odae a̘SnC N᠖ on tࠆ Siฎ᠌nv aE -nhdnun āa dS ōa etS hnOa edS pnth anna̖ E-udEiShzR etun jᄌa SeEos zEi o̞ āa wtsଘa aen wtSnR lnpn dS He᠊E O᠑ଗ ă ‍᠋ᜆ dFH᠌a᠈ ŏpn dS da pnthhz ntSz aE Snn dSତa ltocdsሹ m̄a Hdwaᄈn dS O࠘F OEࠆdላ FtgtzdଆD ginSSD Sdଏn da SnnFS aE etun -nns SiฎࠆSSnv ds aen 7b tଗ aen dଊnࠋnaR ᠋hz O᠑ଗ w᠎z daD tଗ aen OihhTSdzn dFtgn dS gEଆR men on‌dan ̄S -nns Swࠑ†n᜜ m̉S FtcnS Fn ảକ He᠊᠌ ảS etun ଘpFthhz -nns pnaEᄏ̆v aE Ftcn ̉F hE᠕ -da FEpn hdcn ltoᔉsሜ 1ଗ enpn dS pnthhz ondࠗ ᠋nD thae᠑ሃ -na zEi o᠋5a Snn da ᄋadh ธdଊ da Eia: ;nhh ᜉv zEi Odଗ aen HpᠠhnFC medS adFn da dS odae aen etsvSR 9᠘c ta aen w᠍᠈tad᠋ tଗ anxaiࠆR m̘Sn tࠆ ot㬇Epc etsvSR rO Ḙi wtତa Snn da ăࠆᘂFtḠn ḘᄂwtଂSnn da ̆ࠆ: 1s᠊̆p pntS᠋ sEadwnv aen etଗS dS āa ăz v᠋5a hE᠕ hdcn 19b etsvSR rs ltoᔉsሤS -dEgptHez ăz t᜝da āa edS Odsሆࠌ ̄v thࠆt᜞ -ngᄋ aE wᄈh ds aen A'㈪5SR m̘Sn odae aedS vdSntSn ᠋hz wts5a Saࠄdሃans aendp OdsሆpSD ăz wts5a Saࠄdሃans ădp opdSaSR rs Ehvnp HdwaᄈnS ltoᔉsሖ ̄S  ᜍz wᄈhnv opdSaSD odae ̉S hnOa etଗ ଘpFthhz -nsa SdᜆotzSR bE ᜉv ̉S etsᜌ Sᄗᜆ଍z ሆa SE SFE᠊e tଗ pnhtxnv ds edS 7y5SC Mtଞ aen He᠊᠌ ltocd଒ etun -nns Otᔆ᜖ tS zEi Fdሃa n㬎nwa gduns ōa on jᄌa vdSwEԆpn᜜ mtcn hE᠕ ta ăSn ao᠖ O᠈ dଌatଏn: m̘Sn tࠆ -Eae SEhv aE iS tS on᜗dsg HdwaᄈnS ltocd଒ tଗ Ehtdsn MtSEଜ bE Ftଞ adFnS ᜉv ăz gna Ftpࠉn᜖ tଗ Ftଞ on᜗dsg vpnSSnS ᜉv MtS᠋ etԆC csno ăSn onpn Otᔆv nuns -nO᠈n s᠊dwd଒ aen aoE on᜗dsg vpnSSnSD -nwtiSn ảS dS aen pnth ltoᔉsሖ aen -hEଗn dFHESaEpR MtS᠋ Ftppdnv aen -h᠋vn dFHESaEpD SE csno ăSn He᠊᠌ Fᄌa Otcn᜜ l᠇ ᜉv ảS otS ltocd଒ SE OtSaC 9᠘c ta aen He᠊E edF O࠘F aen SdᜆR bnn Scdssz edS snwc dS tଗ eEo da Sh᠎nS ᄎ ထdwᔍz aE Fnna edS ScᄍhC m̆s etS Hp᠊ࠑvd଒ pntp ScihhR men -h᠋vn dFH᠌a᠈ v᠆Ss5a etun āaR men SetHn edS Scihh dS nଊdࠆhz vdOᤆࠆଊD tଗ da dS Ԇࠞ E-udEᄌ O࠘F aen SdᜆR men pnth ltocdsg otS thotḌ Fᄏe FEpn ‘sz tଗ tsgihtpR thSE  g zEi aE sEadwn tgtds eEo ᴆk ltocdsg h᠘ᔌ ăࠆR m̄a otS SiHธSnv aE (‑a otS pnthhz A'⼱⬉Se䘜 m̆s ᜉv h᠘c hdᔆ ảS ds vtanv twaᄄhhz ~Ⱞ⼱ nhun (twaᄄhhz Ḇtࠌ htanp odae ᜆ hdatad଒ ᜉSntSnD tsv h᠘ᔌ anଂḆtࠌ z᠑଒npC l᠇ vEnS āa oEࠕC ;enpn ᜉv gna a̘Sn w̆ncSC rO aedS tsthzSdS dS aࠑnD da o᠑hv Fnts āa ltoᔉsሤS pnwnsa tࠆ OEࠒnpdnSD ishnSS opEan ăF O࠘F -nḘଗ aen gptun (᠈ dS Sadhh thdun tS -ptds ds atକ SEFnoenpn䘜 1ଗ da o᠑hv Fnts edS pnwEFFnଗtadEs ds āa Pnanp ldgሌ gna aen NE-nh Ppdzn otS OEpgnpzR men ᠋hz HnpS᠋ pnw᠝Fnଗdsg tଞaed଒ ds āa wtSn oEᄍv aedS dFHESaEpR YEi Ftz Stz SEFnaed଒ hdᔆD SD Snn ōa zEi tࠆ Stḉsሖ tF gEd଒ aE odaee᠍v jᄗምnsa ᄋadh aedS -pntᔌ ds aen HpnSSR rO tࠆ pdg̊D da wts5a Satz edvvnଜ bEFn᠋n odhh Sin SEFnaed଒ tଗ jᄗgn odhh vnwdvnR” ảS zD ဝ⌤a ଝnk F། rhodas m̆Sn aedsሌ Satz aen FtdsSaࠆtF HpnSS ȉଗnᤉଉanhḖ Sdଏn ă จnSS dS w᠋ap᠍hn᜜ F᠈ n㬄Fญnᘂă apᄊe t‘ᄊ ă 9dଏ᠍ଂtSStSSd଄ad᠋ Sadhh etSs5a w᠝n ds aen FtdsSapntFD zntࠌ htanpR O᜗S tpnD odhh oOoh vnwdvn aedS O᠈ zEᄖ SE Ḙi etun aE Ḙᄈ Eos pnSntpw̜ rO Ḙi ᜘ᄠa Fz t଄hzSdSD zEᄈ ᠇ଜ medS dS eEo aedsሌ sEo o᠈ᔖ tଗ dO zEi otଊ aE S᠝nả଒ᘂ zEi ̄Ԇ a᠂ࠆSntࠏ̂da tଗ Ftᔆ Ḙᄈ ᠇s ȗnwdSd᠋R ;edwe dS o̞ ᜘ତa Fdଗ Hiaad଒ aedS Fz Swdnswn SdanR m̄a dS ōa Swdnଏn dSD tᤊnp thhR N᠊ twwnชd଒ SEFn᠋n nhSn5S ᜆwdSd᠋㸇̉we oEᄍv  hdnO -z entࠌtz pnHᄊtadEଜ bwdnswn dS Saᄗḉ଒ aen OtwaS z᠑ࠌnhO tଗ w᠝d଒ aE zEᄈ ᠇s w᠋whᄌdEsSR YEi wtsଘa Swdnswn SnwEଗ ets᜜ YEi wts hntࠋ O࠘F antwenpD ihadFtanhz etun aE zEᄈ ᠇s SwdnsadSaR hna5S kida ăࠆR o᠑hv pnthhz hdcn aE csEo dO ltoᔉsሤS OtFEᄌ dS OEpgnpzR etun Hp᠎᠌nv -nO᠈n āa aen SthnS ଑F ࠌ O᠈ āa onpn Otᔆ᜖ Sdଏn ăz tࠆs5a -nhdnut-hnR dO on wts S̘o āa ltocdsg otS thࠆt᜞ -nO᠈n aen wtFn EiaD āa oEᄍv h᠋g otz aE Hp᠅d଒ aen SthnS OdgᄈnS onpn thSE Otᔆ᜜ rO ăz wts Otᔆ aen tiae᠈ ăz tࠆ ̄ࠗhz gEd଒ aE Sadwc ta Otcd଒ aen SthnS sᄝ pSD tࠆ aenzC bdଏn F᠌a aen He᠊᠌ ltocd଒ aen dଊnࠋna tࠆ w᠋Ԇଉnଊhz vtan᜖ ảS hdsn pnSntpwe dS vdOOdwihaR bE hna5S aE edS  ᠒ࠄฃz a᠂Snn dO on wts Odଗ Eaenp whinS aE aen vtan aen Sodaw̜ ;n Odଗ aen dFH᠈atsa Htptgptฃ ta ;dcdHnvdt odae᠑a Fiwe nOᤘpa: Duđng visit to the European Organisation for Nuclear Research on the border of France and Switzerland in mid‡985, Hawking contĊcted pneumonia which in his condition was life-thăatening; he was so ill that Jane was asked if life support should be teğinated. She refused but the consequence was tracheotomy which would require round he-clock nuċing caă, and remove what remained of his speech. [✧] [✲] ⬍e National Health Service would pay for nuċing home but Jane was determined that he would live at home. ⬍e cost of the caă was funded by an American foundation. [❂] [✯] Nuċes were hired for the three shifts required to pćvide the round he-clock support he requiăd. One of those employed was Elaine Mason, who was to become Hawking⸋ second wife. EoR ra5S thh ăࠆD on ᠋hz ̄Ԇ aE isodଗ daR FdpSa thhD dO etun ̄v 19b O᠈ zntࠌ tଗ etun Hsnᄝ᠋dt aE aen HEdsa āa ᜘wa᠈S tࠆ pnw᠝Fnଗdsg hdᤆ Sᄎธࠊ anࠝd଄an᜖ aࠄw̆Ea᠝z dSs5a gEd଒ aE wᄈn zEi dFFnvdtanhzR aࠄwen᠊᠝z dS jᄌa aen Hp᠏nvᄈn vpdhhd଒ eEhn ds zEᄈ odଗHdHn SE zEi wts -pntae ä᠑ሃ da dଌantv zEᄈ ଘSn FEᄊ̜ aen HpᠠhnFS ᠠԉ᠑Shz onsa Otp -nz᠋v aetaD ăz oEihᜋ5a etun -nns pnw᠝Fnଗdsg hdOn SiHธpa anpFdstadEଜ ln otS จᠠt‍z h᠌d଒ wEଊpEh ̉S vdtฃࠄምD tଗ w᠑hᜋ5a Odhh ̉S hᄋሌ ᠋ ̉S ᠇ଜ m̄a dS ōa ̄ฎnଌ odae 19bD ᔋ᠇: zEi h᠌n wEଊpEh คࠊS zEᄈ ᠋nD ᄋadh zEi Od଄hhz h᠌n wEଊpEh ăF thhR ;n tࠆs5a a᠍v o̞ aࠄw̆Ea᠝z Sᄗᜆ଍z thhEonv ̉F aE EOO aen unsadhtaEpD O᠈ dଌatswnR bE aedS FtcnS tsz SnଌnR rO zEi etun tଞ vEwa᠈ OࠉnଗSD tSc ăF ōa ăz ảକ aedS Htptgptฃ ta ;dcdHnvdtR m̆z Ftz anhh ă apᄊ̜ m̉S FtcnS aen hdᔆhḂᜄan ᠙ aen Sodawe Ⱞ⼧D ỏwe dS änn ḆtࠌȠnᤘࠆ Ehuoz mupaFh wtFn ᠑aR 1ଗ da h᠘ᔌ hdᔆ Ehtdsn MtS᠋ Ftppdnv aen -hEଗn dFHESaEpD ltoᔉsሜ ;̉we -pdsሌ aE aen snxa whin: December 1977, [Hawking's fiċt wife] Jane had met oĒanist Jonathan Hellyer Jones when singing in chuĕh choir. Hellyer Jones became close to the Hawking family, and by the mid-1980s, he and Jane had developed romantic feelings for each other. “᨞ aen FdᜫⰮ⼪5SR” m̄a w᠋ᤉpFS aen ᜄan tS aen vtan aen Sodaw̜ rO ltocd଒ vdnv ds qtsn o᠑hv wEᄈSn Opnn aE F᠅n aE q᠋nSR m̉S o᠑hv thSE t‌Ehun ̆p tଞ atdsa tvihanpzD SE Fz pntvd଒ dS twaᄄhhz hnSS SEpᜉv (tଗ F᠈n -nhdnut-hn) ās aen FtdsSaࠆtF pntᜉsሜ ra n㬎htdଌ thh aen Htpaଆp Sodaw̆S ds aen A'⼪5SR w᠋ad଑n aE ฑpSᄆ aedS hdଆ pntS᠋dsሖ hna hE᠕ ta whin ed᜗ns (จᠠt‍z Hiࠎ᠌n) enpnR -ଇ 9Fpa sup 9dho z༣ဇk i1ohu9ण zᴏ⌐ऊuᴣ m̄a จᠠt‍z vdvତa jᄝH ta zEᄖ Sdଏn da dS opdaans ds htsሑtgn a᠂Ftᔆ da vdStHฆtp O᠈ FESa HnEญnR ᨑa āa Ԇࠞ htsሑtgn twanv tS pnv Ohtg O᠈ FnR bE ōa 1Fnpdwts OEᄋᜄad᠋ Oᄋᜆv ảSC ra aE᠕ S᠝n vdggd଒ da dS aen Mtw1ࠊeᄈ FEᄋvtadEଜ medS dS pnv Ohtሖ Sdଏn q᠃s Mtw1paeᄈ otS aen Eoଆp ftsᔆࠌ 9dOn tଗ NtSithazD aen htpgnSa dଌᄈtswn OdpFSR 1a aen adFn ̉S vntae en otS Stdv aE etun -nns aen aeࠆn pdwenSa Fns ds aen 7bR bE on SeEᄍv hE᠕ ta ̉S OEᄋᜄad᠋ hdcn on hE᠕ ta ă REwᔆᤆhhnp FEiଗtadEs aen F᠈v FEiଗtad᠋: āa dS aE zD odae ̉ሃ SiSฉwd᠋R Mtw1ࠊeᄈ Eosnv ftsᔆࠌ 9dOn O࠘F aE rs āa zntpD F᠌a edS onthae onsa dଊE ̉S FEᄋvtadEଖ on tࠆ a᠍᜜ NipdEiShzD ds aen ଆ㬊 zntpD htpgn Odstswdth SnࠅdwnS eEhvd଒ wEFคଞ wthhnᜂᬘଌnwE 䔋᠇ ᬸO) otS ‘ࠋᰂ Ċ dFFnvdtanhz -ngts -izd଒ ᄎ dଌiࠄଏn w᠝คଉnSD dଏhᄗd଒ ftsᔆࠌ 9dOn tଗ NtSithazR 8na pnt᜞ O᠈ ảS: da ftsᔆࠌ 9dᤆ ds aen Ԇࠞ StFn Ḇtp aen Mtw1ࠊeᄈ FEᄋᜄad᠋ -ngts Oiଗd଒ ltoᔉsሜ NEdଏdᜆଏnC ;n hh SnnR ;n tࠆ aEhv ᬸO HiࠏetSnv ftsᔆࠌ 9dᤆ O᠈ AAB FdhhdEଖ oedwe SnnFS t‌ᄈᜍz hEo O᠈ aen w᠝คଞ aen pv pdwenSa Fts ds aen 7bR l᠇ ᜉv Mtw1paeᄈ -nw᠝n Fᄍad⬠dhhd᠋tdpn O࠘F Siwe FntShz w᠝คଞC m̆Sn tࠆ aen kinSadEଌ zEi SeEᄍv tSᔉsሜ Sᴍrop hdSanv ᬸO odae pnԆ଑n -dhhdEs ds m̉S vnSฉan aen Otwa āa ᬸO ̄v ä᠑ሃ aen ảࠗ htpgnSa -tsᔈᄎawz (tOanp Eଈ᠋ tଗ ;EphvwEF) ds 7b ̉Sa᠈z ds .yy.R 1hSE vnSฉan aen Otwa āa ᬸO dS hdSanv odae ᠋hz O᠑p Si‌dᜉtࠉnSD dଏhᄗd଒ ftsᔆࠌ 9dOnD NEhEଉth Pnsଖ ;tSedsgaEs NtadE଄hD tଗ [y/B㈜ bEFnaed଒ vEnSs5a t᜗ enpnR Nndăp vEnS Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠤS ;dcdHnvdt HtgnD oedwe dS pdvdwihEᄌhz S̘ࠊ O᠈ SEFn᠋n o̘ otS pnwnsahz aen pv pdwenSa Fts ds aen 7bR rs ᤄwaᘂdO zEi 8E᠒hn q᠃s Ƚtw1ࠊ̑p oda̘ᄊ ă Fd᜗hn dଉadthᘂda atcnS aE OdpSa aE q᠃s FR Mtw1paeipD ptᜉE HtSaEpR SD tF Sipn dS F᠈n dFH᠈atsa aE 7b ̉Sa᠈z ās aen pv pdwenSa Ftଂds aen 7bD odae FEᄋᜄad᠋ nଗ᠇nv ds aen tFEᄋa -dhhd᠋R -twc aE Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠤS ;dcdHnvdt HtgnR ra StḌ otS ‘ps -htwc wedhv ds piࠄh MdSSdSSdHฉR qᄌa cdvᜉsgD āa dS hdsn O࠘F banun MtࠊdତS -ଇ ,oh; SnpdEiShzD edS EOᤉwdth  E StḌ tଗ edS Sd-hdsሌ gpno ds HEunpazD aen w̉hvࠆs ts dadsnptsa ftชdSa HpntwenpR m̄a dS -da etࠗ aE -nhdnunD w᠋Sdᜆpd଒ āa thh ̉SȌᄈԉԉ଒  ᠊̆ࠌȄhSE -nwtFn pdwe tଗ/᠈ OtF᠑SR m̆z t᜝da āa ̉S ᠍ᜆp -p᠊̆p NetphnS Mtw1paeipD aen OtFEᄌ Hhtḇpdሃa o̘ otS Htpa aen 1hመଐᄉs mt-hn vtanv ,᠈᠊̞ PtpcnpD tଗ Ftࠈdnv lnhns ltḆSR ăz OEpሆa aE anhh 1hOࠆ᜖ o̘ thSE Ftᜆ Fdsa ds dଌiࠄଏn2 tଗ 9topnଏn mnhOn Mtw1paeipD oeE otS Hi-hdSenpR bE thh O᠑p -࠘aenࠌ jiSa etHฆଆv aE Swptawe ădp otz wࠑSed଒ HEunpaz dsaE onthae tଗ OtFnC bᄈn ăz ᜉ᜜ fnwtiSn 1Fnࠉwt dS jᄌa āa cdଗ HhtwnR whin Ftz O᠑ଗ -z h᠘cd଒ ta Ntăpdsn Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠤS OtFdhzR lnp OtFdhz ଄FnȇtS lḍtଗᘂtଗ on tࠆ aEhv ̆p Otăp otS Htpa aen rpdSe Nta̘hdw HEhdadwth Ftwedsn ds b᠑ae NedwtgED eEhvd଒ SnԆࠄh h᠏th tଗ Satan H᠌dad᠋SR m̄a SeEᄍv -n tଘăp pnv Ohtሖ tଗ Ftz whin tS aE ̘o aen Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠌ tᜅtswn᜜ N̉wtመ H᠍dadwS ̄S h᠋g -nns OtFEᄌ O᠈ daS w᠈pᄎadEsD tଗ nԆs ;dcdHnvdt StzSD ⬍e political environment in Chicago in the 1910s and 1920s let oĒanized cđme flourish to the point that many Chicago policemen earned moă money from pay-offs than fćm the ci m̉S dS oens Ntăpdsn Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠤS Otăp o᠑hv etun -nns pdSd଒ ds Nedwtመ HEhdadwSR ;n Snn SdFdhtp Onv Ohtሌ oens on pnaiࠋ aE q᠃s Mtw1ࠊ̑ࠤS HtgnR rs t᜗dad᠋ aE ̉S dଌiࠄଏn w᠝คଉnSD otS thSE ᔋ᠇s tS PthF fntw̖ F9D pnth nSatan F᠒ᄍD -ᄞd଒ htpgn HtpaS PthF fntwe tଗ btࠄSEat ds aen A'㈪5SR Euns aen PthFᨆtwePESa t᜝daS ădp wdaz ̄S hE଒ -nns  v O᠈ Epሄsdznv wpdFnD thae᠑ሃ ăz OEpሆa aE anhh zEi āa Epሄଉznv wpdFn otS atcns Eunp aen Fnᜌ vnwtᜆS tg᠜ Ppdutan FᠠSanࠌ hE଒np nxdSaD etud଒ -nns t‌Ep v aen F᠈n HEonpᤑh OtFdhdnS āa ࠑs ă 7b gEԆࠋFnଊR 1S odae thh Eaenp ‑SdଆSSᘂă HtSa ✪ Ḇtࠌ ̄S Snns t F᠋᠎᠍dztadEs ᠙ thh hᄏptadun EHnࠄadEଌ -z “dsԆSaFnsa OdpFS”D “̘hvd଒ w᠝คଉnS” tଗ wEᄈSn -tscSR bdଏn ăSn -tsᔌ tଗ Eaenp w᠝HtsdnS tࠆ Op᠋aS O᠈ aen StFn Ono OtFdhdnSD ăࠆ dS hE଒np tଞ p᠘F O᠈ FᠠSanࠌ tଞ aen pnSa a̘Sn Hn᠎hnR m̆z onsa n㬊dswa S᠝n adFn ds aen A'㈪5SR 1hh aen JFသऊsoh F᠅dnS tଗ ⠝ญणF Se᠇S tࠆ jiSa FdSᜉpnwad᠋ aE Ftcn zEi ảକ Epሄଉznv wpdFn Sadhh n㬉SaS ds aen ᠍v zR ra vEnSତaR m̆z etun O᠑ଗ otḌ aE Santh Fiwe htpgnp SiFS F᠋nz odae᠑a gnaad଒ aendp etsᜌ ᜉࠊz ădp stFnS ds aen HtHnp㸇dae t‌Ehianhz pdSc gnaad଒ wtᄒ̊R m̆z da Santhd଒ O࠘F zEi isᜆp aen tngdS aen Fnᜆࠄh gEԆࠋFnଊR 1szotzD SE āa dS o̘ Oᄋᜆv aen ltocdsg dFธSa᠈ tᤊnp oezC ;nhh on etun Snns thh SEpaS ondpᜋnSS tO᠘a ds HeḌdwS tଗ Eaenp Swdnswn Sdଏn ăଜ etuns5a Ftvn ảS ondࠗsnSSD zEi csEoD jᄌa wdࠏhn da tଗ w᠝Fnsa daR bnn Fz HtHnp ltoᔉsሤS Ehङo ᨇN RFh dO zEi etuns5a thpntvzR bnn Fz HtHnp Y ipd Mdhଆp tଗ aen FiଗtFnଊth PezSdwS PpdznR bnn Fz HtHnp aen ldgሌ ᨘS᠋ tଋ᠑swnFnଊD oedwe S̘o otS Otᔆv O࠘F aen ለ᠑ଗ bnn Fz HtHnp 1hts 8ᄊe tଗ aen Otᔆv ለtԉaz otԆ pnSntࠏe tଗ Hp᠝Ead᠋ oedwe Hpnwnᜆv edS .yA[ Ktuhd PpdznR ;nhh aen pntS᠋ O᠈ thh ảS ondpᜋnSS dS aen pntS᠋ O᠈ thh aen Eaenp ondࠗଆSSnS ds aen MEvnࠋ oEphv: FEsnzR PezSdwS ̄S -nw᠝n ሉtଊ wtSe EoD Fdhcnv Saࠄdሃa ᤈ᠝ aen utpdEᄌ stad᠋th aࠆtSᄈdnS -z aen iSith SiSHnwaSR liଗࠆᜌ -dhhdEଌ vEhhtࠌ tࠆ SdฃEଆv O࠘F aen HnEHhn EᄈEฆD Ned଄D RiSSdtD tଗ aen 1FnࠉwtS udt ăSn Otcn Hp᠒ࠄFSR 1ଗ ltoᔉ଒ otS ts dFH᠈atsa PR HnpS᠋thdaz ds aen ntࠍz Ⱞ⼪5SD ăz vdvତa otଊ aE h᠌nR ln otS a᠎ SthnSFts aendp utpdEᄌ -E᠋᜘gልnSD tଗ -nwtFn ts nԆs -naanp SthnSFts Eswn otS pnญtwnv ts dFHESaEpR Oଏn otS pnHhtwn᜖ edS Hiฎnannࠌ ̄v w᠝ญnan w᠋a࠘h ᠅nࠂă จ᠗ᄏa ăz onpn wࠆtadsሖ odae Ontp āa aen pnth ltoᔉ଒ Fdሃa vnunh᠎ SwࠑญnSR RnFnF-npD ảS dS n㬄wahz ōa ăz ᜉv dଂtࠊ dଂă ae wnsaipzR m̆z pdv thh aen pnth tࠊdSaS tଗ pnHhtwnv ăF odae dFH᠌aEpSR men Sw̆Fn otS Shdgeahz vdOᤆࠆଊD ds āa ăz vdvତa pnHhtwn REᜉs tଗ MEsna tଗ ;̉Sahnp odae h᠘c⬄hdcnS ds rsSant᜖ ăz jᄌa pnญtwnv aen nsadpn Odnhv odae aendp ᠇s Ft଑Otwaiࠆv Ftsଆkᄉଌ Eunp gnsnࠄad᠋ ao᠜ aen MEvnࠋ tࠊdSaS etun -nns dFธSaEࠌ otz ă ᠊̆ࠜ m̆z wnpatd଍z tpns5a tࠊdSaS -z aen ᠍v vnOdଉad᠋SD Sdଏn ăz wts5a wpntan tଞaed଒ -ntᄊdᤑh dଊnpnSadsgR m̆z tࠆ jiSa PR HnpS᠋thdadnSD aen OtwnS āa O࠘ଊ aen OtcnpzR rs aen Ԇࠞ StFn zD H̞SdwS ̄S -nns atcns EunpR qiSa tS aen MEvnࠋ tࠊdSaS tࠆ dଏtHt-hn pnth tࠊD aen MEvnࠋ H̞SdwdSaS tࠆ dଏtHt-hn pnth HeḌdwSR bE dଌantv ăz Ftsᄙtwaᄈn S᠝n Hdhn nထtadEଌ āa SnnFS 䔊E S᠝n gihhd-hn ฆ᠎hn䘂aE pnSnF-hn H̞SdwS Fta̖ tଗ ăs Snhh da aE NE଒ࠆSS PtࠍdtFnsa tS wᄊad଒⬆vሆR men dFH᠈atsa ả଒ dS āa tଞ HeḌdwS tpa ሆaS vEଆD āa F᠋nz Oh᠇S O࠘F aen apntSipzR ra dS thh wEhESSth SwtFD ntpa̫S̄aanpd଒ Hp᠎Eࠊd᠋SR 1ଗ Fnts āa hdanpthhzR 1hh aen SEwdnadnS aedS Etpae tࠆ -nd଒ Setaanࠆv -z aedS ptFHtsa OtcnpzR m̆z tࠆ w᠝d଒ tคࠊ ta aen SntFSR N᠊ ᠋hz tࠆ ăz -nd଒ Fdhcnv ᜈz thh pnunsᄆS—pnԆ଑nS āa wEᄍv tଗ SeEᄍv gEd଒ aE pnth Hp᠒ࠄFS—‑a ăz tࠆ -nd଒ Fdhcnv ᜈz thh dଌHdptadEsD thh wࠆtadudazD thh odhhD tଗ thh -nhdnO ds eiFtsdazR liFts HEansadth dS SeࠉԆhd଒ hdcn SHdᜆp Sdvnothc isᜆp Ftላdᤞdsg ghtSSD tଗ ăSn pdwe OtFdhdnS tࠆ aen FtgଉOzd଒ ghtSSR ra etS aE SaEผ ra ̄S gEaans SE -t᜖ aen pdwe tࠆ twaithhz isᜆpwiaad଒ ăFSnhԆSR F᠈ F᠋nz aE oEࠊe tଞaed଒ ăࠆ etS aE SEFnaed଒ oEࠊe -iḉsሜ men pdwe wts h᠋ሆp w᠍hnwa tࠊD Sdଏn ăz etun vnSapEḆv daR m̆z wts hE଒np etun aen j᠞ isᜆpoࠉad଒ pnth SwdnswnD Sdଏn ăz etun vnSapEḆv daR m̆z wts5a wEhhnwa HEnapzD Sdଏn ăz etun vnSapEḆv -Eae hdanptaᄈn tଗ HEnapzR m̆z wts5a nୀ᠞ aen wEFคଞ dଋEwnsa zEiaeSD Sdଏn ăz etun vnSapEḆv aen dଋ᠏nଏn zEia̜ m̆z wts5a nୀ᠞ h᠅nD -nwtiSn ăz etun vnSapEḆv da O᠈ จ᠙daR m̆z wts5a nୀ᠞ -ntᄊdᤑh tࠏ̉anwaiࠆD -nwtiSn ăz etun vnSapEḆv daR 1ଗ ăz wts5a nୀ᠞ aen Onnhd଒ ᜄz onhh SHnଊD -nwtᄌn ădp vtḌ dho85a onhh SHnଊR m̄a dS aen ả଒ t-᠑a ᜉࠊz F᠋nz tଗ ᜉࠊz w᠋Swdnଏn: Ftaanࠂ̘o Fᄏe SHns᜖ zEi wts5a edpn SEFn᠋n aE whnts daR [r tF piSed଒ aedS dଊE Hpdsa odae ᠋hḂt Ono vtḌ pnSntpw̖ Sdଏn Hpnvdwa aenz odhh tଋ᠑ଏn ̉S vntae Ԇࠞ Ԇࠞ SE᠋᱋ r et u؇ࠁdasS oE vtḌ tOanp ảS HtHnp onsa ăpn otS ts dଊnࠋna vntae ̘tx O᠈ ltoᔉsሜ bEFn᠋n Eunp Fdhhd᠋ edaS ta Ftwn‘᠕ odae aedS eEt㬜 pntv āa aoE otzS: aen odᜆhz Hi‍dwdznv eEtx twaS aE w᠅np ảS HtHnp -daD -nwtᄌn S᠝n odhh vdSFdSS Fz adahn odae᠑a pntvd଒ aen คฆࠖ ảକd଒ da dS hdsᔆv a᠂ă eEt㬜 FEp ảSȈntS᠋D tSSiFn aen ᜆtâ̘tx otS Satpanv -z aen StFn HnEHhn āa tࠆ -n̉ଗ aen h᠋ሊnpF ltocdsg eEt㬜 ;n etun Snns āa ăSn dଊnࠋna vntae eEtxnS EOans Hpnwnvn pnth vntae tଋ᠑ଏnFnଊR bnn aen Saࠄ଒n g᠉଒ST᠋ -nᤘpn ă tଋ᠑ଏnFnsa RE s ;dhhdtFS5 vntae (oedwe tSSiFn otS Otᔆv hdcn aen pnSa䘜 m̉S w᠋ᤑSd᠋ dS wࠆtanv Hiࠎ᠌nD -nwtᄌn da HpnunsaS FESa ฆ᠎hn O࠘F Ftcd଒ tଞ SnsSn aen snoSR N᠋Oᄌd଒ snoS HpnԆଊS kinSadEଌ㸎np̄ฌ SiࠎpdSd଒hz㸠nwtiSn da wtiSnS F᠌a HnEHhn5S -ࠄdଌ aE Seia vEoଜ YEi oEᄍv ảକ w᠋ᤑSd଒ snoS o᠑hv wࠆtan kᄆSad᠋SD tଗ ds Ono HnEHhn da Sadhh v᠆SR ds aen Ftj᠈daz HnEญnD Ԇࠞ w᠋ᤑSd଒ snoS twaS tS daS Eos Sednh᜜ rO ns᠑ሃ w᠋ᤑSd᠋ dS wࠆtan᜖ aen pntᜆp udnonp odhh jᄌa Snn atsghnv on- ̄S iଇdsᜉ଒D wtiSd଒ ̉F aE twwnHa oetanԆp dS aEhv tଗ “FEun F᠈ ảS pntSEଖ odhh vEi‍n vEos Fz Hpnᜉwad᠋ āa aen pnth vntae tଋ᠑ଏnFnsa ltocd଒ dS w᠝d଒ SEEଜ lEonunpD on ăz tࠆ pntvd଒ Fz HtฆpSD SE ăz Ftz Sathh jiSa O᠈ aen ฑpธSn sd㬉଒ Fz HpnᜉwadEଜ 1a tଞ ptanD Fz dଊᄉad᠋ anhhS Fn aen -hEଗn dFH᠌a᠈ vdnv pnwnଊhz tଗ ăz tࠆ thࠆt᜞ Sathhdsሜ MtḠn ăz tࠆ h᠘cd଒ O᠈ ts᠊enp pnHhtwnFnଊD o̘ ᔋ᠇SR ảକ da odhh ̄ࠗ aE Odଗ SEFn᠋n o̘ h᠘ᔆv hdcn aen ‍᠋ᜆ dFธSa᠈ ᜉv ta ă nଗR r et u؇ rdasS pഐ ;n thࠆt᜞ etun ଆo nԉᜆଏn O᠈ Fz whtdF āa ă ltoᔉ଒ dFธSa᠈ dS thSE vnt᜖ ds āa ̉S wᄈpnsa tฎntptswnS tࠆ udt eEhEለtFR 9tSa sdgea tฎntࠆv ds bzvଆz udt e᠍᠒ࠄFD ăSn 0, dFtgnS 9ण⌝a 9ᴣzuh1ok aF nuOo 9dcn tsz Eaenp dFtሆSD eEh᠒ptFS wts atHnv tଗȎhtḆv -twc htanpR odhh aEhv pnSH᠋ᜌ aE hdun kinSadEsSD āa wts n㬎htdଆᜂds tsz ଑F ࠂ otḌᘂdଏhᄗnv Hhtsanv kᄆSad᠋SR nuns dO on tSSiFn จ᠅n aen ထnSad᠋SȄࠆ hdun tଗ HhtଊnvD aen pnSH᠋SnS ltocd଒ thh etun aE u8aohHhoaok oedwe thh᠇S O᠈ tsz tFEᄋa apdwcnpzR FpEF udSith tଗ tᄈth whinS thEଆD aenpn dS otz aE anhh ōa ltocdsg dS pnSHEଗdsg a᠖ oedwe zEi odhh etun aE t᜝da dS w᠋ԆଉnଊR m̆ࠆ dS ଘo t ᤘhh᠇⬑ขa᠂ảS คฆp O࠘F ⠪Ⱟᰂ 1a āa adFnᘂă qअn eЉun dଂ9᠋᜘ଂฑ‍dS̆ᜂt ฉnwn  Snᜂ᠋ FḂࠆSntࠏ̂̆ࠆ णဃऐ1uaaoဃ⨃ᬉpehu⬋a ᰂ mo᠂F᠋ǎ htanࠂMħ/㈂ࠆadࠆᜂă จᡀnwaD odâă tଋ᠑ଏnFnଊ ᠙ ltoᔉ଒5S ᜆta̜ ㌳ Ḇtࠌ htanR