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Seeds Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Seeds Prepared by: Prof. Dr.

Seeds Prepared by: Prof. Dr. - PowerPoint Presentation

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Seeds Prepared by: Prof. Dr. - PPT Presentation

Seeds Prepared by Prof Dr Sahar R Gedara SEEDS What is seed It is an integumented محاطة بغلاف fertilized ovule specialized for the distribution and continuation of the plant ID: 764907

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Seeds Prepared by: Prof. Dr. Sahar R. Gedara

SEEDSWhat is seed? It is an integumented محاطة بغلاف fertilized ovule, specialized for the distribution, and continuation of the plant. Structure of ovule Embryo sac Embryo sac = Nucleus

A typical mature ovule consists of a mass of parenchymatous tissue, called nucellus which is with the exception of a narrow opening called micropyle; enveloped by two integuments. The nucleus is a large cell, the embryo-sac, which in the mature state contains seven or eight nuclei.three each surrounded by walls forming the antipodal cells, which are placed at the further end from the micropyle: two called polar nuclei which fuse to from the primary endosperm nucleus and three naked ones at the micropylar end forming the egg apparatus, consisting of two similar, termed synergids and a large one, the egg cell.

The basal part of the nucellus, from which arise the integuments is somewhat swollen and called chalaza. The ovule may be attached at the chalaza to the placenta by small stalk, called funicle; Funicle may fuse for some distance with the integument to form raphe. Through the funicle runs the vascular bundles from the placenta to the base of the nucellus and terminates commonly in the chalaza.

Micropyle through which a pollen grain enters .

Types of ovules 1- Anatropous It is the most common type of ovules. In such type the ovule is inverted , i.e. bent upon the funicle and fused with it so that the micropyle is near the placenta and the raphe runs from one end to the other as in Linaceae.   placenta placenta

2-Atropous or orthotropousIf the growth of the ovule is uniform, it is straight, not curved, having funicle, chalaza and micropyle on one straight line and the micropyle is lying at the extreme apex opposite the funicle and the hilum, which is immediately above the chalaza. This type of ovule is called atropous or orthotropous. It is not a common type, found in Polygonaceae and shows no raphe.

3- Amphitropous ■ In such type, the nucellus is straight with its axis at right angle to the direction of the stalk ( funicle) which enters the ovule at the middle of one side. ■ The ovule is rotated on its stalk through an angle of 90º instead of 180º. There is short raphe runs from the Chalaza to the half the distance to the Chalaza and Micropyle.■ In this type, the micropyle, hilum and chazala are widely separated e.g. Colchicum Short Raphe

4-CampylotropousIt is characterized by a rapid growth of one side of the nucellus and the development on the other side almost arrested. As a result of this, the micropyle is brought adjacent to the chalaza and hilum. There is no raphe, e. g solanaceous seeds. 

Anatropous Types of ovules Atropous or orthotropous Short Raphe Amphitropous Campylotropous

Structure of the Seed Seed consists of 3 parts(1) Seed coat (Testa ) (2) Reserved food tissues (endosperm, perisperm) (3) Embryo (composed of 1-2 cotyledons)

Embryo Fusion of polar nuclei Endosperm Remains of nucellus perisperm 2 integuments Seed coat ( testa ) Fertillization of egg cell by pollen grains

Embryo Fusion of polar nuclei Endosperm Remains of nucellus perisperm 2 integuments Seed coat ( testa ) Fertillization of egg cell by pollen grains

Outgrowths of Testa 1-Arillus or Aril: it is an outgrowth of testa . It is fleshly or membranous cover arising from the hilum and completelyEnvelops the seed, e.g. Cardamomالحبهان .

2-Arillode: It is developed from the tissues of micropyle and cover part or whole of the seed e.g. Nutmeg. 3-Caruncle : it is a localized fleshly outgrowth arising from the tissue of micropyle as in Ricinus communis الخروع(Euphorbiaceae).

4-Strophiole: it is wing-like or barrel shaped outgrowth along the line of raphe, due to an increase in amount of parenchyma around the vascular stand of raphe, as in Colchicum.

5-Wing: It is an extension of the testa in the form of membranous fold as in the seed of honesty and to very slight extent at the base of Strophanthus seed.

The seed of honesty

عندما بلغ أحد الأباطرة من العمر عتيا قرر اختيار خليفته، وخلافا للعادة لم يختر الامبراطور أحد مساعديه أو أحد أبنائه لتولى هذا المنصب. فقد قرر شيئا جديدا لم يألفه أحد من قبل ولا من بعد. فقد جمع الامبراطور الشباب الصغار فى المملكة فى مكان واحد وقال بصوت حكيم: لقد حان وقت اختيار امبراطور البلاد القادم وقد قررت أن يكون هذا الامبراطور واحدا منكم وأعطى لكل شاب بذرة خاصة وقال: أريد من كل منكم أن يزرع بذرته ويرويها بالماء بدءا من اليوم وسألقاكم بعد سنة من الآن لاختيار الامبراطور الذى سيكون واحدا منكم عندما أرى النبتة التى غرسها كل منكم كيف نمت وكيف أثمرت . فكان بين الشباب فتى اسمه «لنج» أخذ البذرة وعاد فرحا يروى لأمه ما حدث على الفور، فساعدت الأم ولدها على زراعة البذرة والاعتناء بها فمن يدرى فقد يصبح ولدها امبراطور البلاد القادم. وفى كل يوم كان لنج يروى البذرة متأملا التربة ليرى إذا ما كانت البذرة قد بدأت فى النمو أم لا. بعد ثلاثة أسابيع بدأ الشباب الآخرون فى الحديث عن بذورهم وعن نباتاتهم التى بدأت تبزغ. وظل لنج يتأمل نبتته باستمرار لكن النبتة لم تظهر ولم تنم من تحت التراب! ومضت أربعة أسابيع ثم خمسة وستة ولنج يشعر بالفشل لأن نبتته لم تنبت أبدا، فأيقن لنج انه أهمل نبتته فالجميع لديه شجيرات طويلة وكبيرة ولنج مازال يراقب نبتته عسى أن تبدأ فى النمو.

وبعد أن انتهت السنة جاء الجميع إلى قصر الامبراطور ومعهم أشجارهم اليانعة وعندما حضر الامبراطور ألقى نظرة على النباتات وهنأ الشباب على زراعتهم ورعايتهم نباتاتهم وعلى ما جنت أيديهم وبالطبع لفت نظره الإناء الفارغ فأمر بإحضار لنج الذى كان يحاول اخفاء شجرته التى لم تنم.. وقف لنج أمام الامبراطور مرتعشا مرتعدا والرعب يقتله والخزى يكاد يملأ عينيه وكان يخشى أن يأمر الامبراطور بقطع رقبته لكنه تماسك قليلا وقال له الامبراطور: ما اسمك؟ فقال: لنج.. فطلب الامبراطور من الجميع الهدوء ثم قال: حيوا جميعكم امبراطوركم الجديد واسمه «لنج» لم يصدق لنج ولم يستوعب ما حدث، نبتته لم تنبت على الاطلاق فكيف فاز على كل هؤلاء؟

ثم تابع الامبراطور قائلا: منذ سنة اعطيت كلا منكم بذرة وطلبت منكم زراعتها ورعايتها ثم تحضرونها لى اليوم ولكنى لم أقل لكم إنها بذرة تالفة ومغلية لا تنمو أبدا.. فكلكم ماعدا لنج تحايلتم وكذبتم وأحضرتم نباتات وأشجارا وزهورا عندما ظن كل منكم ان نبتته لا تنمو واعتقدتم ان الغش قد يجعلكم أباطرة أما لنج فهو الوحيد الذى زرع البذرة التى طلبت زراعتها بالفعل وقد أثبت أمانته بصدق وشجاعة ولهذا فقد عينت لنج امبراطورا وقفة مع هذه القصة عندما تزرع الكذب والخداع تجنى الفشل والخيبة، وعندما تزرع الحب والإخلاص تجنى النجاة والحب والتقدير فاحذر عند غرس بذورك اليوم فأنت وحدك من ما ستجنيه فى الغد.

6-Plume: it is an extension in the form of hairs at the apex or the base of the seed. It may be sessile or carried on stalk as in Strophanthus and thus called awn.  Awn

1-Arillus or Aril: arising from the Hilum Cardamom الحبهان 2-Arillode: arising from micropyle e.g. nutmeg جوزة الطيب3-Caruncle:arising from micropyle as in Ricinus الخروع 4-Strophiole : arising along the line of raphe , as in Colchicum . 5-Wing : It is an extension of the test as in Strophanthus seed. Outgrowths of Testa 6-Plume: it is an extension in the form of hairs at the apex or the base of the seed. It may be sessile or carried on stalk as in Strophanthus and thus called awn.

Storage of Food in SeedsAll seeds contain reserve foods for the nourishment of the embryo during germination. This may be present in the endosperm, or perisperm or both in case of albuminous seeds. The reserve food materials are two types viz. Carbohydrates (as starch) which supply C, H & O. and fixed oil as well as proteins (as aleurone grains) which supply N, S & P.Albuminous: endosperm and perisperm developed and surrounded by integument e.g. linseed . Exalbuminous: free from endosperm and perisperm, food stored in cotyledons in embryo e.g. black mustard.  N.B. Perisperm is remnants of nucellus .Endosperm is developed from the fusion of two polar nuclei in the embryo sac.

Structure of seed

Forms of Embryo1- Straight embryo : as in Strophanthus or Linseed.   2- Curved embryo : as in Datura stramonium.   

3- Bent embryo : (a) Accumbent as in Foeugreek. (b) Incumbent as in Cannabis. (c) Orthoplocus as in Black Mustard. (a)Accumbent The radicle is bent against the two flat cots as Foenugreek seed.(b) Incumbent: the radicle is bent against the flat surface of the one of the 2 cots as in Cannabis seed.

(c) Orthopolocus: it is an incumbent in which the 2 cots are bent to include the radicle in between as in Mustard seeds.

Forms of Embryo 1-Straight embryo as in Strophanthus or Linseed. 2-Curved embryo : as in Stramonium .   a) Accumbent The radicle is bent against the two flat cots as Foenugreek seed b) Incumbent: the radicle is bent against the flat surface of the one of the 2 cots as in Cannabis seed c) Orthopolocus : it is an incumbent in which the 2 cots are bent to include the radicle in between as in Mustard seeds . 3- Bent embryo

Structure of the Seed Seed consists of 3 parts(1) Seed coat (2) Reserved food tissues (endosperm, perisperm)(3) Embryo (composed of 1-2 cotyledons )The seed may have one seed coat as in Nux vomica and Stropharnthus , or two coats as in Cardamom.Inside the seed coat or coats, In exalbuminous seed there is only the embryo In albuminous seed there are endosperm or both endosperm & perisprem.

Seed coats may show the following structure: 1- Epidermis 2- Hypodermis3- Sclerendymatous Layer4- Nutrient Layer5- Pigment Layer

Seed coats may show the following structure: 1 - Epidermis has different shapes & sizes, it may be: a- Palisade Layer: consists of cells having the length is being from 3-8 times the width. The walls are thick and cellulosic as in Foenugreek seed .In colocynth, the palisade epidermis consists of cells with large lumen and the thickness of the walls takes the form of numerous bars tapering from the base towards the apex of the cells (flame cells). In surface view they appear as beaded cells. b- Sclerenchymatous layer: as in Capsicum & Nux-vomica. c- Parenchymatous: as in Linseed & Mustard seeds, mucilage fills the lumen of cells . d- Prosenchymatous cells as in Cardamom, the epidermis consists of a layer of thin-walled prosenchymatous cells.

Palisade epidermis Sclerenchymatous Epidermis Parenchymatous epidermis Prosenchymatous epidermis Foenugreek seed colocynth Nux -vomica Cardamom seed Linseed Parenchymatous layer of hypodermis Collenchymatous layer of hypodermis Beaker shaped hypodermis Linseed

2- Hypodermis, it may be: a- Parenchymatous formed 1, 2 or 3 layer as in Cardamom seed.b- Collenchymatous formed of 1 or 2 layers as in Linseed.c- Large parenchymatous cells called giant cells as in Black Mustard.Beaker shaped cells with narrow apex and wide base, e.g. hypodermis of the Foenugreek seed.

3- Sclerendymatous Layer: In Nux vomica and Strophanthus, the epidermis is Sclerendymatous so the protective function of the testa was carried out by the epidermis and so the seed coat is formed of one integument. But when the epidermis of the seeds is parenchymatous or prosenchymatous, the seed coat is usually formed of two coats and showing a sclerenchymatous layer. The black Mustard & linseed and cardamom seed have selerenchmatous layer. In colocynth seed, the entire testa consists of many layers of thickened cells.

Linseed black Mustard cardamom seed In colocynth seed , the entire testa consists of many layers of thickened cells.

4- Nutrient Layer It is consisted of several layers of thin walled parenchyma. The cells of which are filled with starch granules. 5- Pigment Layer In all colored seeds, pigment is deposited in one layer of the testa e.g. linseed and black mustard seed.

6- Kernel is the seed without testa or it may consist of embryo with endosperm and perisprem as in nutmeg. a- Perisperm: When it is present, it is usually composed of thin walled parenchyma containing abundant starch granules as in Cardamom. b- Endosperm: It is composed of cellulosic walled parenchyma containing reserve food materials. The walls are thin, but in some seeds as Nux vomica, the walls become very thick and composed of hemicellulose.  c- Cotyledons:It is formed from thin cellulsoic parenchymatous cells containing reserve food materials, like starch, fixed oil and aleurone grains. 

العجوز والاناء المكسوركان عند إمرأة صينية مسنة إناءين كبيرين تنقل بهما الماء، وتحملهما مربوطين بعمود خشبي على كتفيها. وكان أحد الإناءين به شرخ والإناء الآخر سليم ولا ينقص من الماء  الذي بداخله شيء . وفى كل مرة كان الإناء المشروخ يصل إلى نهاية المطاف من النهر إلى المنزل وبه نصف كمية الماء فقط ولمدة سنتين كاملتين كان  هذا يحدث مع السيدة الصينية، حيث كانت تصل منزلها بإناء واحد مملوء وآخر به نصفه . وبالطبع، كان الإناء السليم مزهواً بعمله الكامل ، والإناء المشروخ  محتقراً لنفسه لعدم قدرته وعجزه عن إتمام ما هو متوقع منه .وفى يوم من الأيام وبعد سنتين من المرارة والإحساس بالفشل 

تكلم الإناء المشروخ مع السيدة الصينية"أنا خجل جداَ من نفسي لأني عاجز ولدي شرخ يسرب الماء على  الطريق للمنزل"فابتسمت المرأة الصينية وقالت "ألم تلاحظ الزهور التي على جانب  الطريق من ناحيتك وليست على الجانب الآخر؟" أنا أعلم تماماً عن الماء الذي يُفقد منك ولهذا الغرض غرست  البذورعلى طول الطريق من جهتك حتى ترويها في طريق عودتك  للمنزل"ولمدة سنتين متواصلتين قطفت من هذه الزهور الجميلة لأزين بها  منزلي" ما لم تكن أنت بما أنت فيه، ما كان لي أن أجد هذا الجمال يزين منزلي .

كلٌ منا لديه ضعفه! ولكن شروخاتنا وضعفنا تصنع حياتنا معاً بطريقة عجيبة ومثيرة يجب علينا جميعاً أن نتقبل بعضنا بعضاً على ما نحن فيه، وأن ننظر لما هو حسنٌ لدينا والذين يشعرون بالعجز أو النقص أتمنى منهم أن يقوموا بعمل مفيد للآخرين بطريقة أو بــأخرى. لكل منا عيوب,علينا فقط تقبل الافراد على ماهم عليه والبحث عن الجانب الجيد فيهم. فطبيعة الحياة البشرية قائمةٌ على أساس التفاوت بينهم في المواهب والأدوار، وهذا التفاوت والاختلاف ضروريٌّ لتنوُّع الأدوار المطلوبة منهم لخلافة الأرض، فالاستغناء المطلق عن الناس أمرٌ مستحيل

LINSEED (flax seed) بذر الكتان Origin The dried ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum (family: Linnaceae ).

Macroscopical characters ■ The seeds are elongated ovate in shape. ■ It has a glossy-brown to reddish-brown surface, externally smooth shining, and minutely pitted. ■ The raphe extends as a yellowish line along the acute edge from the hilum to the distal end of seed which is rounded. ■ Type of seed: Albuminous.■ Type of ovule: Anatropous ■ Type of embryo: Straight .

Microscopical charactersThe testa shows of two integuments Hypodermis consists of 2 or 3 layers of Collenchyma , with thick cellulosic walls with distinct intercellular spaces. sclerenchmatous layer with pitted, thick, lignified walls a narrow layer of thin-walled collapsed parenchmatous cells. The outer epidermis consists of isodiametric cells with thin straight anticlinal walls with mucilage of Pectose nature. pigment layer is formed of a single layer of polygonal cells with pitted walls and reddish-brown contents.

Powdered Linseed

Active Constituents ■ fixed oil, protein, mucilage, Omega-3 fatty acids and small amount of cyanophoretic glycoside (linamarin ) .

Uses ■ It is used as demulcent drink and in treatment of constipation. ■ It contain omega-3 fatty acid.■ Antioxidants, flaxseed can also help lower the risk of  diabetes, cancer, and  heart disease.■ Lowering cholesterol.■ In painting

Chemical test(Guignard paper test) for linamarin glycoside Moist little of the powder with water in a test tube closed with cork from which is suspended a Guignard paper (filter paper moistened with aqueous solution of picric acid, then allowed to dry and dipped in aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate and dried) and allow to stand for few hours. The paper is changed from yellow to red color.

FOENUGREEK SEED بذور الحلبة Origin:It is the dried ripe seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum family Leguminosae.

Macroscopical characters ■ The seed is rhomboidal in shape. It is dark yellowish-brown in color. ■ The hilum and micropyle are found in a depression from which a deep furrow running diagonally dividing the seed into two unequal portions ■ The smaller containing the radicle and the larger, the cotyledons. ■ Albuminous seed.■ Accumbent embryo.■ Campylotropus ovule Accumbent embryo Campylotropus ovule

Microscopical characters Testa shows one integument The epidermis consists of palisade-like cells. with thick-cuticle and thick walls, the lumen being conical with rounded base.The hypodermal layer is formed of basket-like cells with bar-like thickening on the radial walls p arenchymatous nutritive layer . Endosperm is formed of several layers of polyhedral cells with stratified mucilaginous contents. Cotyledons are formed of parenchymatous cells containing fixed oil and aleurone grains.

Powdered Foenugreek

Active Constituents ■ It contains mucilage which occurs in the endosperm. ■ It also contains protein, fixed oil, a saponin and two alkaloids, trigonelline and choline.

Uses ■ directly stimulate insulin secretion from B-cells resulting in blood sugar reduction (hypoglycemic activity). ■ hypocholestrolemic antioxidant, gastroprotective activity (Ulcer protective effects), appetite stimulation and antirheumatism. ■ Lactagogue (increase milk during lactation). ■ used in veterinary medicine and occasionally as a spice in curry powders.

جاء في حكم و قصص الصين القديمة أن ملكا أراد أن يكافئ أحد مواطنيه فقال له: امتلك من الأرض كل المساحات التي تستطيع أن تقطعها سيرا على قدميك .. فرح الرجل وشرع يزرع الأرض مسرعا ومهرولا في جنون .. سار مسافة طويلة فتعب وفكر أن يعود للملك ليمنحه المساحة التي قطعها ..ولكنه غير رأيه وقرر مواصلة السير ليحصل علي المزيد .. سار مسافات أطول وأطول وفكر في أن يعود للملك مكتفيا بما وصل إليه .. لكنه تردد مرة أخرى وقرر مواصلة السير ليحصل علي المزيد والمزيد .. ظل الرجل يسير ويسير ولم يعد أبداً .. فقد ضل طريقه وضاع في الحياة .. ويقال إنه وقع صريعا من جراء الإنهاك الشديد .. فلم يمتلك شيئا ولم يشعر بالاكتفاء والسعادة، لأنه لم يعرف حد الكــفاية أو ( القناعة ). لا سقف للطموحات في هذه الدنيا .. فعليك أن تختار ما يكفيك منها ثم تقول نكتفي بهذا القدر .. 

Nux vomica seeds الجوز المقيء Origin: It is the dried ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux-Vomica (family Loganiaceae).

Macroscopical characters ■ The seed is disc-shaped (button- shaped). ■ Externally: the seed has satany sheen due to closely appressed hairs radiating from the centre to the circumference. ■The hilum is present as a raised circular scar in the centre and connected to the micropyle which is situated on the margin by a raised ridge which is mainly due to crossed hairs (false raphae).

■ Internally: it has horny and translucent endosperm showing central cavity as well as a small embryo, formed of two small thin cordate cotyledons.■ Type of seed: Albuminous , very hard & horny.■Type of ovule: atropous.■ Type of embryo: straight.■ Odor: odorless.■ Taste: intense bitter & persistent .

Microscopical characters

The testa shows of one integument. ■ The sclerenchymatous epidermis of the testa composed of a single layer of cells each of which is extended to form a trichome; the walls of the epidermal cells are strongly thickened and pitted and each trichome has about ten narrow, lignified rods the trichomes are usually broken off and the broken ends of the lignified rods are seen attached to the epidermal cells.

■ The endosperm is formed of very thick-walled non lignified hemicellulosic polyhedral cells connected together by plasmodesma threads and containing oil droplets and aleurone grains. ■ Embryo is formed of thin-walled small parenchymatous cells containing oil droplets and aleurone grains.

Powdered Nux-vomica

` Active Constituents ■ It contains alkaloids consisting chiefly of strychnine and brucine. ■ It also contains fixed oil and also chlorogenic acid . Uses: ■ The drug must be given in a very small dose and in a short period of time. ■ Strychnine was formerly used as a bitter tonic & stomachic, improving appetite and digestion. ■ Strychnine increases blood pressure; therefore, it is given in cardiac failure and may be used as a circulatory stimulant. ■ May be used as a respiratory stimulant in certain cases of poisoning . ■ CNS stimulant in barbiturates poisoning . ■ Poison for rats and other animals, used as rodenticide.

Chemical test ■ The powder produces an orange color with fuming nitric acid due to the presence of brucine alkaloid in the outermost part of the endosperm). ■ The powder produces with sulphovanidic acid , a pinkish violet color ,due to the presence of strychnine alkaloid in the innermost part of endosperm .

Notes ■ Nux Vomica is known as poison nut or vomiting nut. ■ Strychnine is one of the bitterest substances known. ■Strychnine is highly toxic, In toxic dose, affecting the CNS inducing convulsions (severe muscular spasms), death occurs from asphyxia due to convulsions of the respiratory muscles .

BLACK MUSTARD SEED بذور الخردل Origin: It is the dried ripe seeds of Brassica nigra (family: Cruciferae).

Macroscopical characters ■ The seed is spherical. ■ It is reddish to dark purplish-brown.■ The surface is minutely pitted and showing network reticulations, when seen by a lens due to the presence of unequal in height sclereides. ■ It is hard but can be easily crushed under teeth. It has a slight almost odorless when dry but becoming pungent when triturated with cold water. ■ The taste is first bitter but rapidly becomes strongly pungent. ■ Internally, T. cut shows Orthoplocus embryo: in which the 2 cots are bent to include the radicle in between. ■ Campylotropous ovule . ■ Exalbuminous seed .

Microscopical characters testa shows two integuments Single layer

Powdered Black Mustard Polygonal sclerenchyma cells in surface view with polygonal reticulations.  

Active Constituents ■ It contains mucilage in epidermal cells. ■ It contains fixed oil, protein, sinigrin glycoside, and myrosin enzyme.■ Sinigrin in presence of water yields glucose, pot acid sulphate and allyl isothiocyanate with pungent odor & taste .

Uses ■ Externally: Black mustard seeds acts as a rubifacient and counter irritant, this effect is followed by loss of sensibility and consequently relief the pain. ■ Internally, it is used as condiment and as emetic.

Differences between black mustard & white mustard

Differences between black mustard & white mustard

Differences between black mustard & white mustard

سئل أحد الحكماء يوما: كيف تتحقق السعادة فى الحياه ؟ قال الحكيم: سوف ترون الآن,ودعاهم إلى وليمة وجلسوا إلى المائدة، ثم أحضر الحساء وسكبه لهم ، وأحضر لكل واحد منهم ملعقة بطول متر واشترط عليهم أن يحتسوه بهذه الملعقة العجيبة حاولوا جاهدين لكنهم لم يفلحوا , فكل واحد منهم لم يقدر أن يوصل الحساء إلى فمه دون أن يسكبه على الأرض وقاموا من المائدة جائعين قال الحكيم: والآن انظروا, وأمسك بالملعقة وملأها بالحساء ثم مدّها إلى جاره الذي بجانبه ،و جعل كل منهم يمد بملعقته لمن بجانبه وبذلك شبعوا جميعهم ثم حمدوا الله وقف الحكيم وقال :منْ يفكر على مائدة الحياة أن يُشبِع نفسه فقط فسيبقى جائعا ، ومنْ يفكر أن يشبع أخاه سيشبع الإثنان معافمنْ يعطي هو الرابح دوما لا منْ يأخذ سعادتك فى الحياة لن تتحقق الا باسعاد من حولك!!

CARDAMOM SEED بذور ثمار الحبهان Origin: It is the dried ripe seeds of Elettaria cardamomum, ( Zingiberaceae) seeds Fruit

Macroscopical characters ■ The T cut of the fruit shows three locules , in each one an adherent mass of two rows of small seeds attached to axile placenta.■ The seeds are irregularly angular, enveloped by a thin colorless membranous arillus.■The raphe is indicated by cannel extending on one side of the seed from the base to apex (Anatropous ovule). ■ the seed had strong aromatic odor and agreeable aromatic and pungent taste.■ Anatropous ovule.■ Albuminous seed. ■ Straight embryo.

Microscopical Charactes Testa shows two integuments. ■ Arillus is formed of several layers of collapsed, thin-walled cells, containing small rounded or oval droplets of oil.

testa shows two integuments . I- The outer integument shows: 1- The testa shows an epidermis formed of long narrow cells ( prosenchymatous cells) 2- collapsed layer of thin walled parenchymatous cells with brownish contents. 3- oil cell layer composed of large thin-walled cells containing volatile oil. 4- 2 or 3 layers of small parenchymatous cells. collapsed layer

II- The inner integument shows: 1-strongly lignified sclereids each cell shows a small funnel-shaped lumen, nearly filled with small nodules of silica . III- Perisperm is formed of thin-walled cells packed each is filled with minute starch granules and containing 1 to 7 small prisms of calcium oxalate.IV- Endosperm is formed of small thin-walled parenchymatous cell each filled with a hyaline mass of protein. V- Embryo is formed of thin walled cellulosic parenchyma containing protein

Powdered Cardamom Sclerides with funnel Shaped lumen & silic nodules

Active Constituents:■ It contains about 2 to 8 % of volatile oil. It also contains abundant amount of starch granules. Uses: ■ Aromatic carminative, Antispasmodic.■ Flavoring agent & condiment. ■ Ingredient of tincture Cardamom [improves appetite, relieve constipation]. ■ Hepatoprotective

Origin:The dried ripe seeds of Strophanthus kombe , of S. hispidus, or of S. gratus (family: Apocyanaceae ); deprived of the awns. STROPHANTHUS SEED

Active Constituents ■ It contains mixture of glycosides know as k- strophanthin , to which the green coloration with sulphuric acid is due to. ■ fixed oil, together with kombic acid, choline, and trigonelline . Uses: ■ It raises the blood pressure. It has a diuretic effect as well as powerful cardiotonic effect. ■ It is less liable than foxglove to produce gastro-intestinal irritation.

Chemical test: Reaction with 66% H2SO4 S. Hispidus ------------ green S . gratus ------------ red

Colchicum Seed Origin:Dried ripe seed of Colchicum autumnale Fam. Liliaceae. Active constituents:■It contains Colchicine alkaloid. Uses: ■ It is used in the treatment of gout.