Unit 3: Human Resources and Economic Development - PowerPoint Presentation

1. Unit 3: Human Resources and Economic Development The theory of demographic transition, Urbanisation and Economic growth in India. 

2. Theory of demographic transition in IndiaFocus is on the relationship between population growth and economic developmentIts difficult to separate cause from the effectThe theory of demographic transition attempts to explain why most of the developed countries of the world must have gone through the three stages of demographic transition

3. Three stagesFirst stage: Both birth and death rates are high. So, population remains stableSecond stage: Rapid growth of population because despite substantial reduction in the mortality rate, there is no corresponding decline in the birth rateThe birth rate declines significantly and thus the rate of population growth remains low

4. Microeconomic theory of fertility:Birth rates among the poor are likely to fall where there isAn increase in education of womenAn increase in female non-agricultural employment opportunitiesRedistribution of income and assets from the rich to the poorA reduction in infant mortality through expanded public heath programDevelopment of old age and social security system to bridge the economic dependence of parents on their off springs

5. Population growth and economic developmentThe theory of economic demography draws attention to two main relationships through which population growth affect the economy.Saving effect Composition of investment effectSaving effect: Savings are reduced by population growth because of the burden of dependency.

6. Investment effect: With increasing population, a share of investible resources must be devoted to reproducing for additional people facilities.Wherever population growth requires increase in production, which can in turn require investment, a lesser rate of population growth will would release investible funds for use elsewhere.

7. Causes of high birth rateSocial factors: Universality of marriage and marriage at young age, joint family system, preference for a male child result in high birth rate in India.Economic factors:Poverty: Among poor families, additional children do not add to any additional burden, rather they provide helping hands to the families.Lack of social security: In the absence of social security, children are expected to look after their parents at their old age.

8. c. Illiteracy, ignorance and belief in fate: Children are accepted as the will of God.d. Ineffective family planning: High birth rate in India is the result of a whole lot of social, economic, religious and cultural factors. Unless a change is brought about in the attitude of people, not much decline can be expected in the prevailing high birth rate.e. Fertility rate: TFR measures the average number of children born to a woman up to the end of the reproductive period. The TFR rate in India was 6 in 1951-52, 5.3 in 1970-72, 4.5 in 1980-82, 4 in 1990-92 and 2.4 in 2012

9. The decline in TFR has not been large enough to reduce the natural population growth rate in the face of continued decline in mortality rate.TFR depends upon the proportion of married population, age at marriage, and the number of children born per married woman in course of her reproductive period.Fertility rates vary radically across the country- between the regions, between states and between districts.e.g In Kerala the fertility rate is 1.8. This lower than the fertility rate in China and US.

10. Decadal change in death rateIn the early years of 20th century, death rate was very high.1901-1910 42.6%1911-1920 47.2%1921-1930 36.3%1931-1940 31%1941-1950 27%1991-2000 8.5%2001-2011 7.0%

11. Causes of decline in death rate1. Control of epidemicsIn the 19th century and earlier years of 20th century, epidemics like plague, smallpox, malaria, etc., took a heavy toll of life.Cholera Pandemic (1817, 1829, 1852,1863, 1881)Bombay Plague Epidemic (1896)Cholera Epidemic (1899)

12. 20th century:Influenza Pandemic (1918)Polio Epidemic (1970-90)Smallpox Epidemic (1974)Surat Plague Epidemic (1994)21st century:Plague of North India (2001-2003)Dengue Epidemic (2003)

13. SARS Epidemic (2003)Meningococcal Meningitis Epidemic (2005)Chikungunya Outbreak (2006)Indian Swine Flu outbreak (2015-18)Nipah Outbreak (2018)With increasing availability of effective medicines and improvement in health care facilities, there has been a substantial reduction in the death rate.

14. 2. Control of Famines:Bengal Famines of 1943 had caused thousands of starvation deaths.With the improvement in means of transport and communications, spread of famine has been effectively checked.3. Improved medical facilities: Timely availability of health care and medical facilities have improved health and prevented death to a large extent.4. Spread of maternity home: Death at the time of delivery has been largely prevented because of availability of trained nurses at the time of childbirth.

15. 5. Impact of economic development:The life expectancy at birth has gone from 32 years in 1950-51 to nearly 64.6 years for males and 67.7 years for female in 2006-10.This shows average people live longer.Special programs, higher living standard, provision for basic needs have positive contributions.

16. Measures to reduce birth rateSpread of education especially female education can help reduce birth rate.2. Female education and their gainful wage employment will raise the status of women, and this will have a positive effect 3. Provision of old age pension and social security will reduce the dependency of the parents on their children4. Reduction in infant mortality rate through expanded public health programs and better nutritional standards by ensuring longevity of life for the newborn children will help in reducing birthrate

17. 5. Acceptance of family planning and one or two child norm by a large section of our population can help reduce birth rate6. Incentives like preference in government jobs, housing and other loans can have a great impact on cutting down birth rate.

18. Gender equity and demographic transitionThere is much evidence now, that women empowerment though education, property rights, employment can have a very strong effect in reducing fertility rates.e.g Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Himachal PradeshPrincipal variables that seem to account for the variation in fertility rates in different states are directly linked to women empowerment.

19. Universal female literacy, low level of infant and child mortality and high status of women are considered crucial in declining fertility rate in Kerala.The decline in fertility rate in Tamil Nadu has been attributed to political support for both an increase in the age at marriage and an imaginative program of information, education and communication(IEC)

20. Need for population policyThe debate about population growth and family planning received impetus in the late 1940s because of the occurrence of several poor harvests which necessitated importation of food. 1951 census revealed significant population growth which necessitated the requirement to initiate a national family planning program.In 1952, India became the first country in the world to adopt an official national population policy in support of family planning

21. Population policy since 1947Family planning under five- year plan: The early phase (First and Second plan)Emphasis was on providing clinical services, research on demography, physiology of reproduction etc.Family planning centers were open in both rural and urban areas.Third Plan: The objective of stabilizing growth of population should be the central feature of planning.Family planning program has to be adopted as the principal measure to realise this objective.

22. Clinical approach was to be supported by extension approach.A full- fledged department of family planning was created in 1966 in the ministry of health.Allocation of fund to the family planning program was enhanced.Fourth Plan: High priority to family planning programRs. 330 crore was allocated The program aimed at reducing the birth rate from 39 per thousand to 25 per thousand population within the next 10-12 years.

23. Fifth plan: There was a shift in strategy of the government.Government decided to carry forward the family planning programs in an integrated manner with health, maternity, childcare and nutrition services at all the levels.A provision of Rs. 497.36 crore was made for family planning program.Government announced National Population Policy on 16th April 1976.

24. Before 1976, family planning was voluntary.Government's role was to motivate the people to accept family planning and provide clinical facilities and other services to the acceptors.In 1976, government declared that rapid population growth is thwarting economic growth and thus a more positive approach was needed to check it.The government decided to involve Zilla Parishads, Panchayat Samitis, cooperatives, teachers, organizations, and number of voluntary agencies and women .

25. Objections:Drawing all government departments into the “ motivation of citizens to adopt responsible reproductive behaviour”State legislatures to pass legislation for compulsory sterilization.The experiment of the government to pursue the so-called bold measures for lowering down the birth rate in a relatively short period ended in a fiasco

26. Family planning during the 1980sThe sixth plan projected family planning program as a peoples’ program.Target was to raise the proportion of eligible couples protected with family planning from 22 percent at the beginning of sixth plan to 41.2 percent in 1984-85On the recommendation of the working group on population policy set up by the planning commission, the long-term demographic goal of lowering down the net reproduction rate from the prevailing level of 1.67 to 1 by 1996 and by 2001 in all the states was adopted.

27. The seventh plan kept a target of achieving couple protection rate at 42%.Family planning during1990s:Restricting population growth was one of the most important objectives of the eighth plan.Aim was to bring down the birth rate from 29.5 per thousand in 1990 to 26 per thousand in 1997.Emphasis was on decentralization of planning and implementation

28. Under the ninth plan, the central government’s role was limited to general policy planning and providing technological inputsApproach of the government was to make family planning program as one of the people’s operation with government cooperation.National Population Policy, 2000 outlined immediate, medium- term and long-term objectives.Immediate objective: To meet the needs of contraception, health infrastructure, health personnel and to provide integrated service for basic reproductive and child health care.

29. Medium-term objective: Lower down the total fertility rates to the replacement level by 2010.Long-term objective: Achieve a stable population by 2045Aims of 2000 National Population Policy:Reduce maternal mortality rate to below 100 per one lakhReduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per one thousandAchieve universal immunization of childrenAchieve universal access to informationPromote delayed marriage for girls

30. 6. Prevent and control communicable diseases7. Promote the small family normAppraisal of the population policy:Overemphasis on contraceptivesInappropriateness of coercive methodsAdhocism and shifting family planning approach

31.

32.

33.