Do you know the difference between Imperial China and how it is governed today What does Imperial mean 15 Imperial dynasties ruled from 2200BC 1911 Last dynasty Manchu Were they Chinese Why is this important ID: 802791
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Slide1
1800-1936 China
Slide2Imperial China
Do you know the difference between
Imperial China and how it is governed today?
What does Imperial mean?
Slide315 Imperial dynasties ruled from 2200BC - 1911
Last dynasty - Manchu Were they Chinese? Why is this important?
Why is Chinese called
汉语 as well as 中文?
Slide4Confucianism, Quietism and the Mandarins
Confucius lived from 551-479 BC - was Confucianism a religion?
Obedience to guiding rules was key to harmony.
How did this help the ‘Mandarins’.....and what are Mandarins?
And the ‘Mandate of Heaven’?
Slide5The Mandate of Heaven
Slide6Imperial China thought it was self sufficient...
….and thus had a quite arrogant approach to its dealings with the west.
What does the phrase
天下 mean?Thus, Western ‘Imperialism’ in the 1900s was quite traumatic.
Hang on……...the word ‘Imperial’ simply means a system under Emperors??
But Imperialism refers to a country (or Empire) ‘
exerting economic and political control’
over others.
Slide7Dictionary definition - Imperial and Imperialism
Imperial:
of or relating to an
empire
,
emperor
, or
empress
characteristic of or
exercising
supreme
authority;
imperious
of or relating to a specified empire, such as the British Empire
of a country having control or
sovereignty
over other countries or
colonies
Imperialism:
the
policy
of
extending
a state's
influence
over other peoples or
territories
a system of
imperial
government or
rule
by an
emperor
Slide8The Opium Wars 1839-42 & 1856-60
What do you know?
Slide9The Opium Wars 1839-42 & 1856-60
Britain wanted to (illegally!) sell more Opium to China (from British India and Burma).
China was a major user but resulting widespread addiction had economic and social effects and thus China started to try to shut down the trade, destroying 1400 tonnes in Guangzhou (1839).
British aggression and military success included attacking a blockade near Hong Kong, occupied Canton 1841, occupied Nanking 1842.
China witnessing ‘external’ power and military prowess for the first time, Unequal treaties forced on China opening 50 ‘treaty ports’
HOW DID THE CHINESE FEEL?
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Opium-Wars
Slide10Sino-Japanese War 1895
China held great influence in Korea, in 1875 Japan forced Korea to ‘open’ to Japanese trade and declare independence from China.
Pro reformers in Korea joined with Japan and tried to overthrow the Chinese backed conservative. They failed, after
Yuan Shikai
rescued the king. A truce was made.
Tensions increased again as China stepped in to crush revolutionaries in Korea, whilst Japan sponsored the rebels.
1894 war (mainly at sea) breaks out, China has massive navy but Japan more advanced. Japan take Shandong and Manchuria.
Treaty of Shimonoseki cedes Taiwan and the Liaodong Peninuslar, plus gives independence to Korea. Plus trading rights in China to Japan.
Starts ‘scramble for concessions
https://www.britannica.com/event/First-Sino-Japanese-War-1894-1895
Slide11Scramble for concessions in China…..
Best example is Hong Kong:
1842 Treaty of Nanking - Britain gains HK island
1860 Beijing Convention - Britain gains Kowloon harbour
1898 Britain gains the rest of Kowloon, the New Territories.
Slide12How did China now perceive Westerners?
Slide13How did China now perceive Westerners?
Foreign devils Ingenious
Exploitative Technologically advanced
Humiliating Powerful
Provider of work
Do they copy Western techniques or cling on national traditions and old hierarchical system?
Slide14Slide15Scene is set for change…..
The s
cene is increasingly set for change of power structure - disenchantment of the Chinese in general
Qing dynasty was weakened by years of internalisation but also by giving away concessions to appease foreign powers
Slide16The Last Years of Imperial China 1900-1911
1898 - 100 days reform
An attempt to appease critics over the weak negotiations over concessions and weak military forces
BUT
Progressives
(including the Emperor)
Reactionaries (including Empress Cixi)
versus
Slide17BOXER RISING 1900-1901
The perfect example of weak domestic leadership leading to further Western encroachment.
This led to:
Massive reparations Foreign forces stationed in Beijing
THE MANCHUS WERE TERMINALLY WEAKENED.
义和拳
Yìhéquán
The Righteous and Harmonious Fists
Slide18The Boy Emperor & The Railway debacle
...create further unhappiness with Imperial rule….
Slide19Sun Yatsen
Leading pro-reform, pro-republic name in this ear
Formed Alliance League 1905, which become the Guomindang (GMD)
国民党, Chinese Nationalist Party
Based in Japan/exiled to Japan for many years
Belived in the ‘Three Principles of the People’:
democracy, nationalism, socialism
He believed in copying Western political and economic concepts
Slide201911 Revolution - Causes and Consequences
By 1911, do you think China was ready for revolution…...why?
The trigger was ‘
Double Tenth
’ incident, or the
mutiny of Wuhan
on 10 Oct 1911
The Manchu’s had no power in the provinces so the Beijing army, under Yuan Shikai, was sent to impose control.
Remember, Yuan Shikai was an esteemed, and influential, general (he had helped crush the initial rebellion in Korea prior to the Sino-Japanese war) but had been sacked in humiliating fashion by the Prince Regent. He was re-appointed BUT...
He set about re-establishing power for himself by brokering a deal with the ‘mutinous’ Wuhan military
Slide21The Nationalists and Yuan Shikai
Conveniently for Yuan Shikai, rebellious provinces had gathered in Nanjing to announce the Chinese Republic under Sun Yatsen.
BUT
They had no military backing so Yuan Shikai negotiated that he became President if he brokered a deal with Beijing for the Manchu/Qing emperor to abdicate.
12 February 1912, Emperor Pu Yi abdicated and the ‘mandate of heaven’ passed to the new Republic (not the GMD)
(see p21 of Lynch for useful graphic of this)
Slide22To think about…..
Was 1911 a real revolution replacing old systems with new democracy?
OR
Was it more the regions versus central authority.
Regional
autonomy
battling with central
autocracy
is a theme throughout the next few years…..
Slide23Useful timeline
1912-1916 The rule of Yuan Shikai - important to note that Yuan was the President of the New Republic, not the GMD which was led by Sun Yat Sen.
1916-27 An time of no leadership….leading to The Warlord era
1919-25 The 4 May Movement
1912-1925 The Nationalists under Sun Yat Sen
1921 The founding of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP)
1924-1927 The GMD-CCP United Front against the Warlords
Slide24Yuan Shikai’s mis-steps
China’s foreign loan of $100 million
Conceding to Japan’s 21 demands in 1915
Yuan’s resurrection of the title of Emperor, and acceptance of the role in 1915
1916 he stepped down, died three months later
Was he entirely self-aggrandising?
Did he suffer with the fractured nature of China at this stage? Was he simply acknowledging that China needed a strong central government?
And the economic weakness was not his doing…..
Slide25After Yuan Shikai…..
After the death of Yuan Shikai, China had no strong leader and power continued to accrue to the regions under the
Warlords
(aided by the Nationalists & Republicans deal making to help them)
NB
REPUBLICANS
NATIONALISTS (GMD)
BASED IN BEJING BASED IN GUANGZHOU
LED BY SUN YAT SEN
Warlord era -
along with the behaviour of western powers
-
was so disordered and distressing it helped to consolidate the view among reformers that a national revolution was necessary
P 36 Lynch, useful graphic
Slide26May 4th Movement 1919-1925
Started May 1st 1919 after the humiliation of the Paris Peace Conference
WW1 is the backdrop - China and Japan were urged to join the Allies but Japan tried to ‘hold back’ China so as to enhance its own standing, plus land gains.
US persuaded China to join in 1917, after US declared war on Germany. ‘Carrot’ was a ‘seat at the table’ at any post war agreement.
BUT: Japan had agreements from European allies that they would receive support over China post war.
Republican leader in Beijing, Duan Qirui, had secretly agreed to recognise Japan’s superiority in China anyway (but not territory).
Slide27May 4th Movement cont’d
At the Treaty of Versailles, promises to China were reneged on and Japan was granted formal superiority of China, despite its help in the war.
They did not: see Shandong returned from Japan; see a withdrawal of foreign concessions; see a cancellation of Japan’s 21 Demands (1915)
This triggered mass revolt, across 100 cities and 20 provinces.
China had been humiliated at the hands of foreigners again….even though they had been at the negotiating table…...thus signifying weakness of leadership as well as a clear signal of how China was perceived on the world stage.
Slide28Key aspect of the May 4th Movement
Radical thoughts of revolution had been spreading for some time in China, for reasons discussed.
The 4th May movement gave a focus to this desire for revolution amongst students and intellectuals:
Foreign governments - both Western and Japanese - behaviour towards China was humiliating and anti Chinese. Their influence must be stopped.
Could the Republicans (the current government) best represent and China’s best and true interests.
P41 Lynch for summary diagram
Slide29GMD under Sun Yatsen 1912-1925 and Chiang Kai-Shek
In 1917 Sun returned to China, settling in Shanghai, many expatriate Chinese contributed funds to his attempts to set up the GMD proper
In 1920 he formally set up GMD government in Guangzhou
1923, speech in Guangzhou declaring the ‘Three Principles of the People’ gave a moral purpose for the May 4th revolutionaries.
National Sovereignty
Democracy - but key is national freedom over individual
People’s welfare - socialism in other words
Improve the lot of people as a whole, not for individuals; ridding China of foreign influence was to allow China to support itself and its people
GMD under Sun Yatsen 1912-1925
Moral intentions were stated but military power was essential so in 1924, the Whampoa Military Academy was formed in Guangzhou.
This militarised the GMD and influential figures from then on, including Chiang Kai Shek, had came from the Academy.
Sun believed the warlords needed to be beaten and acknowledge some form of central govt before China could move forward.
To this end, Sun negotiated with the North and the Communist Party.
Slide31Founding of the Communist party 1921
Chinese intellectuals of all political leanings were looking for a solution to foreign influence, all revolutionary or ‘non Confucian/Imperial’ thought was Nationalistic.
Another angle, not Republican (or GMD) looked to Russia and Marx.
Bolshevik Revolution in Russia in 1917 was anti the ‘imperialist phase of capitalism’, a key idea for
Marxism/Leninism
. After the Bolsheviks (under Lenin) success, they ceded their claim to Chinese territories. A key positive to those who looked to Russia as a model.
Russian leaders contacted Chinese interested parties…...
Slide32The Marixist view of Imperialist Capitalism
Western powers grow and then their competitive economies lead to over- production and over competition. This excess needs a market and is exported to weaker overseas countries. These countries are exploited for their assets in return.
The exploited colonial people should rise up….
“
The purpose of us Communists is to wake up the oppressed Oriental peoples from their 100 years slumber and to imbue workers and peasants with a revolutionary spirit to conduct an uncompromising struggle against Imperialists’’
Slide33Founding of the CCP 1921
With Russian support, in principle and in practice through the Russian Comintern, 20 representatives from various provinces adopted a basic revolutionary programme in 1920 at a meeting in Shanghai.
Mao Zedong joined the party in 1921 and, in deference to his great influence, the date of the founding of the party has historically been noted as July 1921.
P47 Lynch for summary diagram
Slide34The GMD/CCP United Front
CCP made some ground in China but still very small.
After a calamitous conflict with a Beijing warlord, the Russian Comintern advised the Chinese CCP to seek an alliance with the GMD (the other revolutionary party with socialist ideals, ie not wholly incompatible with Communism).
The Russian Comintern approached Sun Yat Sen with the proposal, he agreed.
Why is Russia being so helpful?
To spread Communism?
A buffer against Japan?
Slide35The GMD/CCP United Front
Both the GMD and CCP are
revolutionary parties.
Both believe in national unity, destroying warlords and expelling foreigners.
With some misgivings on the side of the CCP, the GMD/CCP United Front was established in 1924.
Shortly afterwards, SunYat Sen died leaving Chiang Kai Shek to take over. Chiang Kai Shek was a military leader with little time for the social revolutionary views of the CCP. He was sceptical of the alliance with the CCP but saw that a United Front was needed to crush the warlords..after which he planned to crush the CCP.
Slide36The Northern Expedition or The Northern March 1926-1928
1926 speech by Chiang Kai Shek in Guangzhou urged all
Nationalists
to join forces to fight the warlords. This was the start of the Northern Expedition. The United Front had 3 main warlord targets (see p53) to be able to gain control of the East of Japan (see map p54).
They were successful because of:
Strong military
Cutting off supply lines
Dissatisfaction of the people
Effective liaison with local people eg Mao Zedong and the Hunan peasants
Slide37Chiang Kai Shek’s attempt to eradicate the CCP
After the success of the expedition, Chiang Kai Shek started to remove CCP members from the GMD.
The CCP were slow to react.
Main reason: Russian Comintern had a huge influence on the CCP and they wanted the United Front to remain. Plus Stalin believed the GMD were truly revolutionary in the ‘international’ sense thus supporting them at the cost of the Chinese Communism would push the cause of international communism.
Chiang declared the Northern Expedition complete in 1928
Slide38Chiang Kai Shek and the warlords
In fact, he had not defeated all the warlords. To maintain any power he had to agree that some could keep their own armies and others were offered posts in the GMD.
The CCP asserted that the Nationalists (under the banner of the GMD) had done nothing more than come to terms with the warlords and that the Expedition was a power grab by Chiang Kai Shek.
Chiang Kai Shek is both weakened as he never really controls China AND increasingly determined to crush the CCP.
Slide39Chiang attacks the CCP
The
Shanghai Massacres of 1927
saw the GMD in Shanghai attacked Communists and members of the trade union that had helped the Shanghai warlord be defeated. 1000’s were brutally murdered. The Communists are humiliated.
The CCP tried to fight back but to no avail. A group broke with Russian Comintern advice to maintain the United Front and escaped to Jiangxi. These were the surviving members of the CCP and one of them was Mao Zedong.
7 years of struggle with the GMD followed.
Slide40Chiang rules!
He rules China in an authoritarian way, from Nanjng, ruling it was not yet educated in the ways of democracy.
How does China always avoid democracy?
However, he implemented some forward thinking policies (see p 64)
But could not rid himself of foreign presence plus was reliant on German advice to strengthen his military. Some suggest the Nationalists became more right than left wing, almost fascist.
Slide41Russian communism versus Chinese communism
Revolution requires the support of a large body of people (eg the United Front)
Russian revolution was based on the ‘proletariat’ or urban working class.
China has no such class of people in the numbers required for revolution, it is a predominantly agricultural country.
GMD have no support amongst the peasants, their roots are largely urban and somewhat wealthy.
The CCP has more a support base amongst the peasants.
Slide42The Jiangxi Soviet 1927-1936
A Chinese ‘soviet’ or ‘Communist organisation’ set up in 1928 under Mao who vehemently believed any links with GMD would be the end of the CCP
The GMD had believed in the Russian form of revolution, ie urban led. Mao saw that China was a largely rural population hence the ‘urban’ revolution could not happen. (see pie chart p71)
He thus threw his weight behind the peasants who he believed would more quickly bring about revolution, rather than having to wait for industrialisation.
His recruitment of ‘reds’ or communist party members was much more successful than recruitment rates in the towns.
There was a continued battle of ideals in the CCP but the preservation of the CCP at all became the real issue as the GMD continued to try and crush the CCP in Jiangxi. This was done through encirclement (p73).
https://www.britannica.com/event/Long-March
Slide43The Long March 1934-35
In order to be seen as an active decision, and not an escape, the CCP announced that Chinese Red Army of workers would march North to resist the Japanese incursion (the occupation of Manchuria)
KEY STATISTICS of the march from Jiangxi to
Yanan
:
DISTANCE COVERED
6250 miles
11 provinces, 18 mountain ranges, 24 rivers
15 battles against the GMD
100,000 people marched,
20,000 people survived
Every leader of China (and thus the CCP) from 1949 to mid 1990s were Long March veterans:
Mao Zedong, Zhu De, Zhou Enlai, Lin Biao, Liu Shaoqi, Deng Xiaoping
Slide44The Long March…..a success or failure?
SUCCESS FAILURE
An incredible achievement logistically and militarily
Established Mao as the leader apparent of the CCP
The ‘reds’ were not annihilated so GMD lost some credibility
GMD still effecitvely controlled China
GMD had forced the Long March by their attacks on CCP in Jiangxi ie it can be seen as a retreat
The Russians and other Western Powers acknowledged GMD and Chiang Kai Shek as de facto leaders of China
Slide45Quiz!
What does CCP mean?
Did the GMD lead the first attempt at a Republic?
Does ‘democracy’ under the GMD mean the same as it would in the West?
What one thing did all the parties and characters involved in creating a Republic and/or revolution believe in?
Why were the Russians interested in the Chinese situation?
Where does Russian communist and Chinese communist revolution differ in reality?