Let China sleep For when China wakes it will shake the world Napoleon Bonaparte China The states ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outside ID: 654596
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CHINA Sovereignty, Authority, and Power
“Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it will shake the world.” ~ Napoleon BonaparteSlide2
ChinaSlide3Slide4
The state’s ability to carry out actions or policies within their borders independently from interference either from the inside or the outsideSovereigntySlide5
Always returns to centralization (pattern: centralization, resistance, recentralization) People more subjects than participantsElite bureaucracy maintained
Trends of PowerSlide6
Pre-Imperial China: Began with legendary dynasties of third millenium-222 B.C.E.Imperial China: 221 B.C.E.-1911 C.E. (fall of Qing dynasty )Imperial traditions drew legitimacy from Mandate of Heaven (divine right to rule) Hereditary transfer of power Dynastic Cycles Slide7
Mandate of HeavenHeaven will bless the authority of a just ruler, but be displeased with an unwise ruler and remove himRight to rule based on collective ancestral wisdom guiding empire from HeavenIn times of floods or famines, Mandate is thought to be violated and Heaven is displeasedSlide8
TimelineMajor Dynasties夏 (Xia)商 (Shang)周 (
Zhou)
秦
(
Qin)
漢
(
Han)
唐
(T
ang)
宋
(
Song)
元
(Y
uan)
明
(
Ming)
清
(
Qing
)Slide9
ConfucianismStressed cultivation of moral and virtuous individuals – Emperor and civil servants expected to set standardsAuthoritarian – emphasized acceptance of the hierarchySet of ethical codes regulating relationships – deemphasizes individuality
Confucianism was elitist –
established
ruling
class ~ counter-communism?Slide10
Was not 2000 years of identical, continuous politics1600-500 B.C.E. – palace civilizations grow into less centralized aristocratic cities501 B.C.E.-1230 C.E. – larger kingdoms emerge, centralization causes chaos, resulting military dictatorship clashed with aristocratic power. Non-Chinese in north form unified autocratic monarchies. Military and upper class continue battle for dominance. 1231-1370 – Mongol Empire, destroyed by popular uprisings
Imperial Rule Slide11
Imperial Rule, cont.1371-1650 – subsequent empire deeply autocratic, from 1600 on political crisis (weakened authority) 1651-1800 – Manchurians from northeast capitalize on anarchy to instate feudal regime. Relaxes as it reverts to practices of previous era, class collaboration leads to prosperity and peace1800-1911 – Corruption and financial crisis cause collapse of economy and loss of national independence to foreign powers (Japan, Britain)
1911 – Qing dynasty falls to uprisings Slide12
Spheres of Influence (1800 – 1911)Treaty of Nerchinsk (1689) – establish border at 黑龍江 (Amur River)
Opium War (1839-42) – Qing imperial power fell
Treaty of Nanjing (1842) – first unequal treaties
Ceded
香港
Hong Kong
Trade taken over by
Europeans
S
ino-French War (1883-1885) – Vietnam ceded to France
Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895) – Taiwan ceded to Japan; Korea gains independence
Boxer Rebellion (1899-1900) – Chinese try to stop European influencesSlide13
Led by Western-educated Sun Yat-sen, supposed to be democratic and establish legitimacy via popular representationOnly concrete attempt at democracy Regional warlords create chaos, leads to…Chinese Republic (1917)Slide14
Mao! and Communist friends People’s Republic of Chinaest. 1949. , sovereignty restoredConstitution: “a socialist state
under the people’s democratic
dictatorship”
Maoism
:
emphasized strength of
p
easant, collectivism,
struggle and activism,
mass line, egalitarianism,
self-reliance
“Let us follow Chairman Mao in the storm!” Slide15
Guardianship: role of government, based on concept that people do not understand own needs. Represents “historical best interests.” Democratic centralism (Politburo) and the “mass line”:
a. investigating conditions
b. learning about/participating in struggles
c. creating plan of action
Military
: Central Military Commission, People’s Liberation Army
PRC Legitimacy: the Party-State Slide16
Political CultureSocial characteristics: Confucianism (reinforced democratic centralism)
Cultural: Middle Kingdom/
Zhongguo
-> nationalism
Geographic: north/south cultural divide, population concentrated in east (difficulties of representation) Slide17
Legitimacy in Recent YearsContradictory effects of old traditions that seem to conflict with western capitalist economyMore resistance since Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989) 2005: 87,o00 protests or “mass incidents (tensions with Taiwan/Tibet, repression, inequity)
*splintered public opinion part of history: possible return to empire??*