19021987 Background Personality theory is based on 3 assumptions 1 The individual has constructive potential 2 The nature of the individual is basically goaldirected ID: 808196
Download The PPT/PDF document "CARL ROGERS The Self-concept Theory" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
CARL ROGERS
The Self-concept Theory(1902-1987)
Slide2Background
Personality theory is based on 3 assumptions
:
1. The individual has constructive potential
2. The nature of the individual is basically goal-directed
3. The individual is capable of changing
Emphasises the importance of people’s subjective experience of themselves and its influence on personality
The individual is the control figure in the actualisation of her potential and the environment can facilitate or inhibit this
Potential is actualized in an atmosphere in which the individual is unconditionally accepted and feels free to develop without external restrictions
He was exposed to scientific thinking from an early age, farm life expose him to divergent interests, came from narrow-minded conservative home with little social contact with others
Slide3View of the person
His fundamental view of the person is humanistic-phenomenological
Discovered characteristics which seemed inherent in people; positive, forward-thinking, constructive, realistic, trustworthy
Individuals not just active role-players in their own functioning, can also be trusted to follow a positive course in order to realise their potential and to become the best that they can be
Healthy people are ware of their positive and negative attributes
His theory is not deterministic because behaviour is determined by the choices of the individual
Environment plays no more than a facilitating or inhibiting role
The view of themselves and their subjective experience of themselves also play a part
Ideal environment – see self exactly as they are, and all potential can be realised
The social environment places acceptance conditions on the individuals and they then act in accordance to these standards and not their own potentials
The individual has freedom to change, but they must experience unconditional acceptance
There are 19 propositions in which he sets out certain assumptions which are fundamental to his approach
The organism (person), interacts with phenomenal field (total experiential world)
Self-perception – self, self-concept and self-structure
Slide4Structure of personality
Slide5Dynamics of the personality
The basic motive which underlies all behaviour is the actualizing tendency
There are also 2 other needs that underlies and drive behaviour; the need for positive regard and the need for positive self-regard
Self-concept plays a role as well with experiences and behaviour
Congruence and incongruence
Slide6Actualising tendency
Believe the purpose of life is to become “that self which one truly is”
Actualizing tendency is a inherent tendency of organisms to maintain themselves and to expand /grow in order to become what they can be
Therapists rely on this inherent striving for progress to lead their clients towards discovering their own potential and help them develop that potential fully
Rogers use the term
actualising
and not
self-actualising
Slide7Need for positive regard
(from others and self
OTHERS – basic need for approval, appreciation, love, admiration and respect
To fill this need a person may adopt the wishes and values of another as his won and behave in a particular way to earn esteem
SELF – require positive regard from others in order to esteem and to feel positive about themselves
Play an important role in determining individual behaviour
Slide8Congruence and Incongruence
Congruence
No difference between experiential world and view of self
Open to and conscious of all experiences and incorporates them into self-concept
See self as they really are and self-concept corresponds with actual potential
Behave in a way that maintains and enhances the self-concept
Conditions of worth greatly influence congruence
Incongruence
When experiences contrary to the self-concept form a part of the phenomenal field
Follow only conditions of worth
Distorted experiences and denied experiences
Slide9Role of self-concept in experience
&behaviour
Three ways in which people deal with experiences; ignore, symbolize (allow into consciousness), refuse to symbolize
Specific needs of the individual and self concept determine which possibility is most appropriate
Ignore
= at that moment the experience is irrelevant to needs
Symbolized
= when experiences correspond with needs
Allowed into consciousness
= when experiences correspond with self concept
Denied access to consciousness
= experiences which are denied or distorted because they are contrary to self concept
Unconsciously denial and distortion can also take place when the organism ahs a need or experience which cannot be symbolized because it is completely incongruent with self-concept, then self-concept is threatened and must be protected
Subception = the experience not congruent with self-concept is ‘traced’ or selected on unconscious level and defended against (might be accompanied by anxiety)
Behaviour
Most of what a person does, corresponds with the self-concept
Self concept plays an important role in determining behaviour
A problem arises when the needs and the self-concept do not correspond
Individuals function ideally when their self concepts are congruent with their needs and feelings
Slide10Development of the personality
Three ways in which people deal with experiences; ignore, symbolize (allow into consciousness), refuse to symbolize
Specific needs of the individual and self concept determine which possibility is most appropriate
Ignore
= at that moment the experience is irrelevant to needs
Symbolized
= when experiences correspond with needs
Allowed into consciousness
= when experiences correspond with self concept
Denied access to consciousness
= experiences which are denied or distorted because they are contrary to self concept
Unconsciously denial and distortion can also take place when the organism ahs a need or experience which cannot be symbolized because it is completely incongruent with self-concept, then self-concept is threatened and must be protected
Subception = the experience not congruent with self-concept is ‘traced’ or selected on unconscious level and defended against (might be accompanied by anxiety)
Behaviour
Most of what a person does, corresponds with the self-concept
Self concept plays an important role in determining behaviour
A problem arises when the needs and the self-concept do not correspond
Individuals function ideally when their self concepts are congruent with their needs and feelings
Slide11Past papers & Tuts
2016-2011
Slide12Which one of the following most accurately expresses the phenomenological dimension of Rogers’ view of the person?
Thabo breaks his relationship off with Tracey as she is always limiting his freedom to be who he truly is.
Gerald values his mother’s opinion of him as it provides him with an objective view of himself.
Lesiba
has always wanted to be a teacher ever since he was a young boy and his mother appreciates the view he has of himself.
Paul’s sister subjectively experiences him as a compassionate person, which has strongly influenced Paul’s view of their mother as compassionate.
ANSWER: 3
Slide13The phenomenological dimension highlights individuals’ subjective experiences of their worlds and how their view of themselves impacts on their behaviour. Therefore, in order for others/therapists to understand and facilitate individuals towards growth and optimal development, it will be necessary to understand their world from their particular viewpoint.
Lesiba
subjectively experiences himself as wanting to be a teacher. This view of himself (his self-concept) is what his mother appreciates and accepts. According to Rogers’ theory, individuals who receive unconditional positive regard will develop self-concepts that are congruent with their potential and will actualise their potential.
Lesiba
will, therefore, according to Rogers, become a teacher as his mother has given him unconditional positive regard.
It is clear that Alternative 1 has more to do with conditional positive regard which Thabo receives from Tracey than with his subjective experience of himself. Alternative 2 does not fit with Rogers’ theory which focuses on a person’s subjective experience of him or herself rather than needing an objective view of oneself from others as stated in this alternative.
Alternative 4 is also incorrect. What is important in Rogers’ theory is a person’s subjective experience of him- or herself rather than the experience of oneself from someone else’s vantage point.
Slide14As a young boy, Paul loved building things and taking them apart. As an adult, Paul decided to follow a career in engineering. In terms of Rogers’ theory, which one of the following deductions made from this story, is INCORRECT?
His parents provided him with unconditional positive regard.
His parents provided him with conditional positive regard.
His behaviour, to follow a career in engineering, is congruent with his true organismic potential.
He is actualising his potential by following a career in engineering.
ANSWER: 2
Slide15In this story, Paul’s true organismic potential refers to his practical-technical skills (he loves building things and taking them apart). This is also the way he sees himself - his self concept is therefore congruent with his true potential.
According to Rogers’ theory, a person will actualise his or her potential if that person receives unconditional positive regard from his or her significant others otherwise the need for positive regard tends to override the actualising tendency.
It is therefore possible to deduce that Paul received unconditional positive regard from his parents, and not conditional positive regard. He was therefore able to behave in accordance with his self concept and follow a career in engineering which is congruent with his true potential. He actualises his potential.
The only alternative which is INCORRECT in terms of this story is Alternative 2, which makes it the correct answer to this question.
Slide16Alan has entered the stage of the so called ‘terrible two’s’ with the development of his will power leading him to throw tantrums. Which one of the following do you think most accurately reflects the advice that Rogers would give Alan’s parents?
In order to accept Alan you need to accept his behaviour and find another way in which to cope with your own frustration at his tantrums, as opposed to limiting his free expression of self.
Let Alan know that you understand his feelings that he has the right to feel that way and that you love him no matter what, but that his tantrum behaviour is not acceptable.
Alan must be allowed to express all of his emotions openly, as only the unlimited expression of all his emotions will enable him to experience a sense of freedom.
You should show resignation and defeat in response to Alan’s tantrums, as only when he sees that you feel powerless to change his behaviour will he begin to feel guilty and start choosing more constructive responses.
ANSWER: 2
Slide17The correct answer is Alternative 2. This response conveys empathy, respect, and unconditional positive regard, while allowing Alan’s parents to remain congruent in terms of their own values about what is acceptable and unacceptable behaviour.
Alternative 1 is incorrect. Rogers distinguishes between acceptance of the person and acceptance of the behaviour. Children need to feel accepted in a consistent way but specific behaviour can be disapproved of.
Alternative 3 is also incorrect. Rogers did not say that unconditional positive regard is to accept anything and everything.
Alternative 4 is incorrect as well as it seems that what the parents will convey to the child is conditional rather than unconditional positive regard. It is also doubtful whether a child of two will feel guilty and start choosing more constructive responses
Slide18Thandeka has been in corporate banking for the better part of her adult working life. She has been very successful and has advanced more rapidly than many of her colleagues. Despite her achievements, however, she does not feel fulfilled through her work. She feels more drawn to helping people realise their potential and ‘workshopping’ with them around personal growth issues. Eventually Thandeka takes the leap and resigns from her well-paid position in the banking industry to pursue her dream. While she feels apprehensive and fears some of the consequences of her choice, she also trusts implicitly that this is the right course for her to be taking. Which one of the following statements about the fully functioning person according to Rogers best describes Thandeka
?
Thandeka has gone through the process of growth required in order to realise her full potential and can expect to remain in the static bliss of ‘the good life’ for the rest of her life.
Thandeka is functioning fully as she demonstrates the basic characteristic of being more open to society’s needs than her own, thereby enabling her to sacrifice her financial success in order to contribute more meaningfully to her community.
Thandeka felt free to make this choice, as she feels increasingly able to trust her sense of what is right for herself as opposed to depending on existing codes and norms, which may dictate that a secure job is the better option.
Thandeka demonstrates the characteristic trait of the fully functioning person by being increasingly open to defending against being a conformist. In this manner she has managed to close herself off to certain external experiences in order to remain open to her internal experience of wanting to make this career change.
ANSWER: 3
Slide19The correct answer is Alternative 3. According to Rogers, a fully functioning person is open to experience, lives an increasingly existential lifestyle, demonstrates freedom of choice, an increasing organismic trust, adjusts to changing environments and lives in a creative way, can be trusted to act positively and constructively, and will lead a rich, full life. Thandeka allows all experiences into herself concept and by doing so, has got to know herself better and to acknowledge and use her talents and abilities, choose constructive action and realise her potential.
Alternative 1 is incorrect. Rogers is quite emphatic that ‘the good life’ is not a static state but a process, in which the organism continuously strives to fulfil its potential.
Alternative 2 is also incorrect. The emphasis is on the person or organism remaining open to experience and not on being more open to society’s needs which could lead to the incorporation of the values of society into a person’s self concept which would lead to defensiveness and not openness.
Alternative 4 is incorrect. Again, being open to experience rather than closed and defensive, describes Thandeka, a fully functioning person, according to Rogers.
Slide20Gadihele believes that she is from another planet and has come to visit the earth in order to save its inhabitants. She tells you that the reason her psychiatrist says she is psychotic is because she speaks in a language that human beings do not have the intellectual capacity to understand, and he is too defensive to admit his own ignorance and so rather regards her as having a mental disability. How would Rogers explain Losita’s behaviour?
Rogers would understand Gadihele’s view of her psychiatrist as defensive, as her psychiatrist would need to protect his self concept against the incongruent experience that he may not be intelligent.
Rogers would explain Gadihele’s psychosis as arising from a ‘defenceless state’ in which her incongruities became conscious, with her personality becoming disorganised as a result.
Rogers would view Gadihele’s behaviour as proof of the malfunctioning that can occur when a person’s defence mechanisms no longer function effectively.
Rogers would regard Gadihele’s behaviour as resulting from the use of denial as a way of dealing with her misconceptions rather than the more effective defence mechanism of distortion.
The correct answer is:
(a) & (b)
(b) & (c)
(c) & (d)
(b) & (d)
ANSWER: 2
Slide21The correct answer is Alternative 2 containing Statements (b) and (c) that clearly illustrate the severe degree of malfunctioning in Gadihele, which could be referred to as psychotic.
Please note, however, that Rogers was opposed to labels.
Statements (a) and (d) are clearly incorrect.
Statement (a) is incorrect because the emphasis is on Gadihele’s defenceless state and malfunctioning, and not on her psychiatrist’s self concept.
Statement (d) is incorrect as both defence mechanisms, denial and distortion, are used to protect the self concept. One is not better than the other. They merely serve different functions.
Slide22What
Dr.
Rogers could have said to
Dr.
Freud:
ANSWER: 2
Slide23According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth originate
ANSWER: 2
Slide24According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth
ANSWER: 2
Slide25In terms of Rogers’ theory, the self-concept
ANSWER: 2
Slide26Which of the following defence mechanisms does Roger’s theory refer to?
ANSWER: 3
Denial and Subception
Subception and distortion
Denial and distortion
Incongruence and denial
Slide27According to Rogers, the new-born baby behaves according to
ANSWER:2
The wishes of others because the baby cannot yet make his or her own decisions
The undifferentiated phenomenal field
His or her self concept
The organismic evaluation process
Slide28According to Rogers theory, which one of the following statements regarding the actualisation tendency is true?
ANSWER:2
Slide29According to Rogers’ theory, self-actualization refers to
ANSWER: 4
Slide30Julian dislikes taking risks and prefers playing chess. His father encourages him, however, to take part in hang gliding with him. Julian does not really enjoy the sport, but participates to please his father. According to Roger’s theory,
ANSWER: 1
Julian’s need for positive regard is stronger than his actualising tendency
Julian is fulfilling his true potential by taking risks
Julian is developing that side of his potential that is underdeveloped
Julian experiences unconditional positive regard from his father.
Slide31According to Rogers, the self-concept is: .
ANSWER: 1
A conceptual gestalt composed of conscious and unconscious experiences which are allowed into consciousness
That portion of the person’s phenomenal field which concerns the person him/herself
A little man in the head who controls a persons behaviour
Fluid and changes continuously as a result of new experiences
A static pattern of integrated perceptions.
The correct answer is
:
(a), (b) & (d)
(b) & (d)
(a), (c) & (e)
(b), (c) & (e)
Slide32Mary sees herself as a faithful wife who could not possibly be attracted to any other man than her husband. Mary has included the value of her mother of “if you are a good wife you will not be attracted to another man” in her view of what a good wife should be. When she meets her husband’s friend, Bob, she experiences sexual feelings towards him.
ANSWER: 2
According to Roger’s theory, Mary
Received unconditional positive regard from her mother
Received conditional positive regard from her mother
Incorporated a condition of worth into her self-concept
Is likely to become a fully functioning person
The correct answer is
:
(b)
(b) & (c)
(a) & (c)
(a) & (d)
Slide33ANSWER: 2
Congruently because she will tend to behave in accordance with her self-concept
Incongruently because her self-concept differs from her organismic experiences
Congruently because her self-concept and true organismic potential are in accordance with one another
Incongruently because her sexual feelings for Bob are in line with her true organismic experiences
In terms of Roger’s theory, Mary is likely to function….
Slide34ANSWER: 4
Mary will feel sexual attraction towards Bob and permit these sexual feelings into her consciousness
Mary will defend her organismic experiences by finding socially acceptable ways to express her sexual attraction towards Bob – she will be polite and friendly towards him
Mary will allow her sexual feelings towards Bob into her self-concept
Mary will defend her self concept off being a good wife by denying her sexual feelings for Bob, or by saying, for example, that her sexual feelings for Bob in fact show that she is sexually attracted to her husband.
In terms of Roger’s theory, how is Mary is likely to deal with her feelings toward Bob?
Slide35ANSWER: 4
Maria thoroughly understands Roger’s theory because she realises that a healthy relationship is founded on unconditional positive regard
Maria thoroughly understands Rogers’ theory because she thinks that only if she approves of anything her children do, will they feel accepted
Maria does not show thorough understanding of Roger’s theory because she confuses conditional and unconditional positive regard
Maria does not show thorough understanding of Roger’s theory because she confuses unconditional positive regard for the person, with acceptance of any kind of behaviour.
Maria has studied Rogers’ theory and wants to apply this knowledge to her own relationships. She decides to approve of anything that her children do. Which one of the following statements accurately depicts Maria’s position?
Slide36ANSWER: 3
Which statement regarding Sarah is correct in terms of Roger’s theory?
Sarah uses defence mechanisms to improve her functioning
Sarah denies her unpleasant experiences and expands her self-concept
Sarah distorts her experiences to protect her self-concept
Sarah functions congruently because she protects her cooking talents
Sarah sees herself as a good cook. When she burns the supper she blames a friend who phoned while she was preparing the meal, and the time when she put too much salt in the veggies, she said that the salt is more concentrated today than it uses to be. Sarah regards herself as a good cook.
Slide37ANSWER: 2
Only humans possess the ability to actualise their potential, whereas plants and other animals do not share the actualising tendency with humans
Only humans possess the potential for self-actualisation, whereas plants and other animals do not share the self-actualisation tendency with humans.
Only humans possess a true organismic potential whereas pants and other animals do not have a genetic potential
Only humans require favourable conditions for actualisation whereas plants and animals do not require certain conditions to be present..
According to Roger’s theory, what differentiates humans from other organisms?
Slide38ANSWER: 1
Trusts him/herself when choosing behaviour appropriate to a specific situation
Trusts other people since human nature is inherently constructive
Trusts and is open to his/her conditions of worth
Trusts and is open to all experiences.
According to Roger’s theory, organismic trust implies that the person:
Slide39ANSWER: 1
Become an artist
Become a mathematician
Ignore both her own interest and her parent’s wishes
Find a career which integrates art and mathematics.
Zinzi
has the talent to become an artist. She enjoys sculpting and creates beautiful sculptures. She thinks of herself as an artist. Her parents feel that she should pursue a career in the mathematical field. She fails her math test and does not see herself as good in math.
Zinzi
would be congruent if she decides to….
Slide40ANSWER: 3
Realising her true womanly potential as a mother and therefore demonstrates the actualising tendency
Striving for the utmost development of her potential and therefore demonstrates the self-actualising tendency
Acting upon her view of what a good mother should be and therefore demonstrates the self-actualising tendency
Realising only part of her total potential and therefore demonstrates the actualising tendency.
Pumi wants to be a good mother. Her view of a good mother is someone who dedicates all of her time and energy to her child. While she would love to continue her studies in art, as she really wants to become a professional painter, she decides to give this up in order to devote herself to her newly born baby. According to Rogers’ view on the actualising and self-actualising tendencies, Pumi is:
Slide41ANSWER: 3
Pathological human functioning
The role of significant others in learning
The constructive potential of the individual
The deterministic role of the environment.
Carl Roger’s theory, is regarded as a humanistic theory because he emphasises:…
Slide42ANSWER: 2
Desirable because they indicate what makes a person acceptable to others
Undesirable because they convey the conditions under which a person is judged to be worthy of acceptance
The aspects which indicate a person’s worthiness
The essential aspects in any relationship
According to Roger’s theory, conditions of worth are:
Slide43ANSWER: 2
Is a little man in the head which controls a person’s behaviour
Is a picture a person has of him/herself and the value a person attaches to him/herself.
Includes both conscious and unconscious experiences
Is fixed which ensures that the person will experience him or herself as the same person throughout the lifespan.
In terms of Roger’s theory, the self-concept:
Slide44ANSWER: 2
You constantly remind your partner how you would like him to interact with your parents, as you know that his own constructive tendencies lead him to want them to like him too
You trust that your partner will make the best choices for herself at work so you refrain from offering anything but your support and acceptance of choices she makes
You know that your partner is a sensitive person by nature and so you find the most tactful way to share with him any criticisms you may have of his actions.
You point out to your partner the ways in which she restricts and limits your freedom, as ultimately the significant others in your environment should always facilitate your ability to realise your true potential.
In which of the following ways would your response to your partner be the most correct in accordance with Rogers view of the person?
Slide45ANSWER: 3
Column A: Structural elements
Column B: Explanations
The organism
A relatively stable pattern of integrated perceptions, which is also flexible and changeable
The phenomenal field
The central figure that interacts constantly with the dynamically changing world.
The self-concept
The totality of a person’s perceptions and experiences
In the table below, column A lists the structural elements of the personality and column B the explanations of each. From the alternatives below select the correct combinations of the items in these two columns.
The correct answer is:
[a & f], [b & e], [c & d]
[a & d], [b & e], [c & f]
[a & e], [b & f], [c & d]
[a & f], [b & d], [c & e]
Slide46Susan sees herself as someone who is socially incompetent. Whenever she is in company, she either has very little to say, tends to be rather short with others, or has the knack of rubbing people up the wrong way. In terms of Roger’s theory, theses experiences are..
ANSWER: 3
Slide47Read the following story and answer the questions:
Alan is a very talented soccer player. He loves playing soccer and is encouraged to do so by his parents. Alan is, however, not academically strong and struggles to do well at school. His parents support him where they can in his schoolwork, helping him to choose subjects he most enjoys. Alan sees himself as a good soccer player but as an average scholar who battles with certain subjects. In terms of Rogers’ theory, Alan has a ____ self-concept
A negative
An unrealistic
A congruent
An incongruent
Answer: 3
Slide48Accept him conditionally
Accept him unconditionally
Set conditions of worth
Hinder the actualisation of his potential
Answer: 2
It is clear that Alans’ parents:
Slide49Answer: 2
Slide50Answer: 2
Slide51Answer: 4
Slide52Answer: 2
Slide53Answer: 1
Slide54Read the following story and answer the questions:
Lucky is born with a practical-technical talent and he enjoys and excels at doing things of practical-technical nature. His parents, who love him very much, encourage him to take academic subjects like Latin and History, rather than practical-technical subjects.
Which statement regarding Lucky is correct
ito
Roger’s theory:
Answer: 1
Slide55The fact that Lucky excelled at things of a practical-technical nature implies that he was a)_____ and yet his parents encouraged him to take academic subjects like Latin and History which implies that they b)_________:
ANSWER
: 1
1
Aware of his organismic experiences at this stage
Accepted him conditionally
2
Actualising his potential at this stage
Accepted him unconditionally
3
Attempting to meet his need for positive regard from significant others
Were meeting his need for conditions of worth
4
Functioning in terms of his own values
Needed to incorporated his values into their lives
Slide56According to Rogers, individuals are considered psychologically adjusted when…..
They reach a static state where they experience satisfaction, happiness and fulfilment
They allow all experiences into the self-concept
Tension is reduced and homeostasis is achieved
They select defence mechanisms that minimally distort reality
ANSWER: 2
Slide57Mary was the minister’s wife and the members of the congregation expected her to devote her time to church and give up her career which she found very satisfying. However, Mary decided to pursue her career as she believed that her fulfilment would greatly contribute to her being a more effective ministers’ wife. Which statement would be the most correct in terms of Roger’s theory?
ANSWER: 3
Slide58ANSWER: 3
Slide59Answer: Unsure
Slide60Answer: 3
Slide61ANSWER: 4
Slide62ANSWER: 2
Slide63ANSWER: 3
Slide64ANSWER: unsure
Slide65ANSWER: 2
Slide66ANSWER: 2
Slide67ANSWER: 1
Slide68ANSWER: 3
Slide69ANSWER: 3
Slide70ANSWER: 1
Slide71ANSWER: 2
Slide72ANSWER:3
Slide73ANSWER:4
Slide74ANSWER:1
Slide75ANSWER:1
Slide76ANSWER:2
Slide77ANSWER:1
Slide78ANSWER:4