They differ in the type of information they offer as well as intheir - PDF document

They differ in the type of information they offer, as well as intheir methodology. Some of them are more applicable in aresearch laboratory, but less appropriate for routine clinicalpractice, and offer much information regarding human gait. Although the amount of information they offer is less than that 1.Record footfall timing, and the displacement of the foot2.Perform pinematic analysis, permitting assessment ofJ Orthopaed Traumatol (2001) 1:1Ð6©Springer-Verlag 2001 V. Kyriazis (Medical Physics Laboratory,G-45110 Ioannina, GreeceTel.: +30-938-407699Fax: +30-651-085301 Vasilios Kyriazis they perform. Their main positiveinnovation of each gait laboratory, Accepted: 31 July 2001 2 3.Perform kinetic analysis, permitting evaluation of thebody, the muscle and joint forces, the energy produced Techniques that assess footfall timing and displacementtiming is achieved with the use of sensors of differentferentmade of piezoelectric transducers that consist of polymerfilm that lies between two strips of tin [5], or of conductivematerial with variable resistance, whose value changesunder load [8].The sensors are either placed insole under certain partsof the foot, such as the metatarsals, the heel, the arch, andthe toe, or under the subjectsÕshoes. In this way, the gaitport, and can be used in routine clinical practice. All thesame, the subjectsÕgait is often affected or hindered by thesensorsÕvolume or by the heavy wiring required by thein some cases for the sensorsÕplacement. Problems ofmechanical endurance may also occur..vary in length and thickness and can be made of any metal-lic material. Either the walkway strips are connected to acomputer [9], or the strips that are glued under the sub-j

ectsÕshoes are connected to a circuit of resistances of dif-ferent values [6, 10, 11], or to a telemetry system that is1], or to a telemetry system that is13]. The subjects are asked to perform their passes usingslow, normal or fast speed. The mean speed of progression assessment of the temporal phases of gait. The recordersThe recorders[15], or conductive polymer sensors placed insole [16, 17].The recorders are connected to computers after the sub-jectsÕruns for further processing of the gait signals. Theirnot always affordable.of the feet during gait. Asimple way to do that is by plac-ing a paper on a walkway, where the footmarks can beseen. This method is inexpensive, but consumes time in thedata processing and has questionable accuracy.placed perpendicularly to a walkway. The use of multi-plexers, which are furthermore connected to a computer,gives addresses to every sensor. In this way, one can see onsensor is closed [4, 18Ð22]. Due to the large number of[23]. Although they are extremely functional, easy-to-use Techniques for kinematic gait analysisfloor contact. The simplest of all is the case in which theAvariety of methods and instruments, in most cases 3 the electrogoniometers, offer a high degree of accuracy, the, theOther types of goniometers, such as the universal (man-ual) or the fluid goniometer, have also been used byresearchers for motion analysis [30Ð32]. The universal[33]. However, there are movements that are not amenableto measurement by it. On the other hand, the fluidwhole). The displacements of joints are assessed via imageanalysis. These techniques can be categorized as follows:on special parts of the subjectsÕbodies, who then walk in aroom with 2 or more cameras

. The cameras are placed insuch a way, so that each marker is visible by at least two ofroom must be highly illuminated. Asystem of coordinatesparallax errorcamera turn errorto possible movement of the camera off its initial position,The film is analyzed and the markersÕinitial positions arecomputed. In this way, the positions and angular displace-, the positions and angular displace-chanics studies [38]. It is quite accurate and offers muchinformation regarding human movement. All the same,videography is similar to that of cinematography.The camerasÕsampling rate can be 50, 100 or 200frames/s. The camerasÕoutputs are inputted to a computer, Videography for gait analysis is not time-consumingregarding data processing; moreover, it is rich in informa-tion concerning human gait. All the same, its preparationnique offers the amount of information that the followingthree motion analysis techniques offer. However, a disad--Systems based on photosensitive two-dimensional. These aremarkers, which are placed on the subjectsÕbodies,correspond to the markersÕposition in each plane areproduced. These signals are then inputted to a comput-er and processed [45]. Adisadvantage of such a systemis that only one marker can be recorded at a time. This isused. The cost is similar to that of a videography system.-Systems based on one-dimensional lines of sensors.sors. Two series of sensors of this sort form a two-dimensional recording camera. At least two cameras ofdimensional position of a marker [45]. Anegative-Systems based on optical sweepers. The markers usedthe coordinates of the moving parts of the human body.sensed in the source of light transmission. The angles Techniques for kinetic gait analysis

4 applied to the human body, i.e. the force of human weight,, i.e. the force of human weight,which compute the vertical and horizontal components ofthe applied forces, as well as the points of application dur-ing foot-floor contact. Two of them are usually required,Asystem that consists of two force plates and the nec-specialized technical support. All the same, such a tech-All the same, such a tech-The force plates are usually placed near one another. human gait. Although in many studies such devices areAlthough in many studies such devices arelimbs to characterize walking pattern and movement coordi-nation [55], or to detect different phases of walking [16].ferent phases of walking [16].on each laboratoryÕs needs and funding. Anumber of gait analysis techniques have been reviewed.Some are costly, others not. Some offer much information 1.Blumentritt S (1995) Ganganalyse alsTech 46:757Ð7612.Leung AK, Mak AF, Evans JH (1988)immediate effect of orthotic treatment3.Gifford GE, Hudges J (1983) Agait4.Gifford GE, Hutton WC (1980) Aaffecting the lower limbs. J Biomed5.Nevill AJ, Pepper MG, Wichtig M6.Rigas C (1988) Aconductive walkway 7.Minns RJ (1982) Aconductive rubber8.Hausdorff JM, Ladin Z, Wei JY(1995)9.Wall JC, Charteris J, Hoare JW(1978)foot/floor contact. J Med Eng Tech10.Gardner GM, Murray MP(1975) A11.Rigas C, Xenakis T(1988) Pre- andceramic Autophor total hip replace-12.Kyriazis V, Rigas C (2001) Atelemetrydation. J Orthopaed Traumatol, in 13.Ebersbach G, Dimitrijevic MR, PoeweW(1995) Influence of concurrent tasksMot Skills 81:107Ð11314.Skinner HB, Barrack RL(1990) Ankleweighting effect on gait in able-bodiedadults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil71:112Ð11515.Aminian K, Rezakhanlou K, DeAn

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