1953 July Korean War ends 1954 March KGB established 1954 CIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala 1954 July Vietnam split at 17th parallel 1955 May Warsaw Pact formed ID: 645461
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1953: March – Stalin dies1953: July -- Korean War ends1954: March –KGB established1954 -- CIA helps overthrow unfriendly regimes in Iran and Guatemala 1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed1956: October - November -- Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary. Egypt took control of Suez Canal; U.S. refused to help take it back1957: October 4 -- Sputnik launched into orbit1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of troops from Berlin1959: January -- Cuba taken over by Fidel Castro1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland1960: May -- Soviet Union reveals that U.S. spy plane was shot down over Soviet territory1960: November -- John F. Kennedy elected President1961: April -- Bay of Pigs invasion1961: July -- Kennedy requests 25% spending increase for military1961: August 13 -- Berlin border closed1961: August 17 -- Construction of Berlin Wall begins1962: -- U.S. involvement in Vietnam increased1962: October -- Cuban Missile Crisis
Peaceful Coexistence, the Thaw and changing relations: 1953 – 62.Slide2
Excerpts from Khrushchev's address to 20th Party Congress February 1956: Stalin ... practiced brutal violence, not only toward everything which opposed him, but also toward that which seemed to his capricious and despotic character contrary to his concepts...Stalin abandoned the method of ideological struggle for that of administrative violence, mass repressions and terror … Stalin showed in a whole series of cases his intolerance, his brutality and his abuse of power. ... He often chose the path of repression and annihilation, not only against actual enemies, but also against individuals who had not committed any crimes against the party and the Soviet government... Stalin was a very distrustful man, sickly suspicious. ... Everywhere and in everything he saw "enemies," "two-facers" and "spies." Possessing unlimited power, he indulged in great wilfulness and choked a person morally and physically. A situation was created where one could not express one's own will. When Stalin said that one or another would be arrested, it was necessary to accept on faith that he was an "enemy of the people." What proofs were offered? The confession of the arrested. ... How is it possible that a person confesses to crimes that he had not committed? Only in one way -- because of application of physical methods of pressuring him, tortures, bringing him to a state of unconsciousness, deprivation of his judgment, taking away of his human dignity... What is surprising / shocking / suggestive of a change in policy in this speech?Slide3
Why did Peaceful Coexistence emerge?2 CampsMADStalin dies
Beria
Malenkov
Khrushchev Slide4
What were the principles of peaceful Co Existence?De-Stalinisation:No more cultReduce military spending: Living standards.Reduce power of the army.Reduce fear of M.A.D.Better relationship with West:Negotiation over confrontation.Inevitability of capitalist failure.Strong Soviet Union:Assert control over E. Europe.
Eventual Victory / StrengthSlide5
Impact of Peaceful Co-ExistenceEvent: Austrian State TreatyDetail: 1955.- Both sides to withdraw troops.- Austria to be a neutral country.Soviet motives:Not worth the economic cost.- Sign of possible future compromise.What the West would think:Peacefully coexisting? Yes
No
Event:
Soviet Withdrawal from
Porkalla
(Finland)
Detail: 1956.
Soviet forces withdraw from area granted to them following WW2.
Still controlled elections in Finland (1962)
Soviet motives:
Not worth the cost of maintaining the border.
Appear more approachable.
What the West would think:
Peacefully coexisting?
Yes
NoSlide6
Events that challenge the idea of Peaceful Coexistence: The Hungary Uprising: 1956What happened in the uprising?Why did the SU crush the protesters?What was the USA’s response?Why could this show Peaceful Coexistence and why may it not?The (3rd) Berlin Crisis + Berlin Wall: 1961Why did the E. German government want a wall?Why did Khrushchev refuse and then finally build one?What was Kennedy’s response?
How might this show that PC was a reality and also fiction?Slide7
The US Foreign policy response – Eisenhower and Kennedy:USFP: Kennan Long Telegram – 1950: 1950, new idea of ____________ with the publication of NSC – 68.1953, Korean War effect, M.A.D., Eisenhower new ideas…Slide8
RealityPrinciplesNew LookBrinksmanship
Massive retaliation
Expansionism
Covert Ops
Military forceSlide9
RealityPrinciplesNew LookBrinksmanshipMassive retaliation
Expansionism
Covert Ops
Military forceSlide10
Events to support / challenge the idea of a thaw in relationsEventDateBrief DetailSupport / Opposes the idea of a thaw in relations?Geneva summit 1955The two leaders meet in the first summit between the two superpowers since Potsdam
Supports – Agreements made on visits and exchanges of scientists between countries. Dialogue open.
Open Skies
Khrushchev Visit to the USA
U2 Incident
Vienna Conference Slide11
Khrushchev visits the USA, diplomatic embarrassment over his rejection from Disneyland. Calls for an all-German government.
Eisenhower proposes open skies.
Armistice ends the Korean war in a stalemate—both sides stuck at the 38th parallel.
Warsaw pact forms a military alliance of Eastern bloc countries
First Satellite in space—Sputnik, shows the huge amounts both sides spending on arms development.
Hungarian uprising—Soviet troops crush Hungarian protestors.
Austria reunited as a neutral country.
Agreed USA and USSR will exchange scientists and musicians
Negotiations on Germany fail due to its admission to NATO—no longer neutral.
1959—62 worsening Chinese—Soviet relations ends with eventual formal split between the allies.
Summit collapse in Paris following the U2 incident.
Secret speech 1956—Khrushchev talks about de Stalinisation
Khrushchev attempts to dominate Kennedy in the first meeting of the new leaders.
JFK becomes president
Eisenhower becomes president
Khrushchev becomes premierSlide12
DefinitionSimilar words / Related wordsExample of events where it is relevantNon examples – Events where it is not relevantKeywordSlide13
DefinitionSimilar words / Related wordsExample of events where it is relevantNon examples – Events where it is not relevantKeywordSlide14
1945Gaither report published1946US test first intercontinental bomber1949US constructs Sub launched missiles1952
US test and use first Atom bomb
1953Baruch
plan fails
1955
Geneva
summit – ‘OPEN SKIES’
1955
US
Test first hydrogen bomb
1956
USSR
test first intercontinental bomber
1957
US has 4,000 warheads,
USSR 220
1957
USSR test first hydrogen bomb
1960
USSR
test first atom bomb
1962
USSR test first ICBM
Ext: The effect of the Arms Race / Space / Other areas of competition:Slide15
1949 Soviet Union ……America no longer has its huge advantage..Slide16
Arms developmentsB52 Bomber
SLBM
Hydrogen bombSlide17Slide18
1957 US attempts…fail.Slide19
1960’s new technology, the ABM and MIRVSlide20Slide21
USA prepare for the worst – Nuclear war.Slide22
M.A.D.Or... Mutually Assured DestructionSlide23
Diameter: approx 500cmSputnik 19571957: Laika the first dog in space
1961 Yuri Gagarin First Man in Space
Space developmentsSlide24
1960 Olympics: USSR win more medals than the USA