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Introducción al primer - PowerPoint Presentation

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Introducción al primer - PPT Presentation

siglo Ministerio Yeshua la Luz del Mundo Moreh Gerardo Echevarria Martínez Jer 259 Yo mandaré por los pueblos del norte y por Nabucodonosor rey de Babilonia siervo mío dice YHVH y los traeré contra esta tierra contra sus habitantes y contra todas estas naciones de alrededor ID: 678891

org chabad pharisees jewish chabad org jewish pharisees jerusalem jews shimon greek people sectas hillel hatzadik israel encyclopedia torah temple chanukah sanhedrin

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Slide1

Introducción al primer siglo

Ministerio

Yeshua

la Luz del Mundo

Moreh

Gerardo Echevarria Martínez Slide2

Jer

25:9 Yo mandaré por los pueblos del norte y por Nabucodonosor, rey de Babilonia, siervo mío, dice YHVH, y los traeré contra esta tierra, contra sus habitantes y contra todas estas naciones de alrededor, y los consagraré al exterminio, y los convertiré en objeto de espanto, burla, y desolación perpetua.

BTX 3

Exilio

BabilónicoSlide3

Jer

29:10 Porque así dice YHVH: cuando se hayan cumplido setenta años para con Babilonia, yo os visitaré, y despertaré sobre vosotros mi buena palabra, para haceros volver a este lugar.

BTX 3

Exilio

BabilónicoSlide4

2ki 25:1 En el año noveno de su reinado, en el décimo mes, a los diez días del mes, aconteció que

Nabucodonsor

, rey de Babilonia, llegó con todo su ejército contra Jerusalem, y acampó contra ella, y construyeron empalizadas a su alrededor.

BTX 3

Exilio

BabilónicoSlide5

Ezr

1:1

Y° en el año primero° de Ciro rey de Persia, para que se cumpliera la palabra de YHVH por boca de Jeremías, YHVH despertó el espíritu de Ciro rey de Persia° para que se proclamara en todo el reino por pregón y por escrito, diciendo:

BTX 3

RetornoSlide6

Ezr

1:3 Quien de entre vosotros pertenezca a su pueblo, sea su Dios con él y suba a

Jerusalem, que está en Judá, y construya la Casa de YHVH, el Dios de Israel, que es Ha-’Elohim, el cual está en Jerusalem.

BTX 3

RetornoSlide7

--“If Moses had not preceded him, G-d would have given the Torah to the Jewish people through Ezra” (Talmud, Sanhedrin 21b).

--Ezra decreed 10 enactments aimed at improving the quality of Jewish life both materially and spiritually. Among these decrees was the requirement to read the Torah in the synagogue on Mondays, Thursdays, and Sabbath afternoon.

The

Return

to

Israel-Chabad.org

EzraSlide8

Mishnah

Taanit 4:2 – Early prophets and people

representation

--

Mishmarot

– 24 turnos del sacerdocio

--

Anshei

Maámad

(

Men of Standing) – turnos del pueblo Leian porciones de Génesis, oraban y suplicaban. Recitaban Shajarit, Minja, Musaf y Neilah (Closing of The Doors). --Priestly Blessing – Al final To Pray as a Jew-Rabbi Hayim HaLevy Donin

MaámadotSlide9

Approximately 50 years before prophecy terminated in 3448, a body of 120 of the greatest Torah scholars assumed the spiritual leadership of the Jew Membership was composed of prophets and non-prophets: among its more prominent members were Mordecai, Daniel, Ezra, Nehemiah, Haggai, Zachariah, Malachi, and Shimon

HaTzadikish

people.Anshei

Knesses

Hagdolah-Chabad.org

La Gran

AsambleaSlide10

To ensure that no charlatans could claim Divine revelation and lead the Jewish people astray, the

Anshei

Knesses Hagdolah sealed the Bible (Tanach). The sages of the Great Assembly also clarified the proper spelling, pronunciation, and musical cantillation (trop) of the Torah’s words.

Anshei

Knesses

Hagdolah-Chabad.org

La Gran

AsambleaSlide11

With the passing of the last prophet, Malachi, in 3448, the 1,000-year era of prophecy came to a close. Two factors caused this cessation: first, the Jewish people were not on the exalted spiritual level required for prophets to exist.

Anshei

Knesses

Hagdolah-Chabad.org

La Gran

AsambleaSlide12

Second, prophecy functions in Eretz Israel,(and in exceptional circumstances, elsewhere) and most Jews lived outside the Land. From that point, no person would be able to proclaim, “So speaks G-d;” those who claimed prophetic revelation were immediately recognized as frauds.

Anshei

Knesses

Hagdolah-Chabad.org

La Gran

AsambleaSlide13

Second, prophecy functions in Eretz Israel,(and in exceptional circumstances, elsewhere) and most Jews lived outside the Land. From that point, no person would be able to proclaim, “So speaks G-d;” those who claimed prophetic revelation were immediately recognized as frauds.

Anshei

Knesses

Hagdolah-Chabad.org

La Gran

AsambleaSlide14

In 3448, the Jewish people entered a time of great turbulence, both in the spiritual and material realms. Prophecy had come to a close, and Alexander the Great was conquering the known world. Fortunately, a great leader, Shimon

HaTzadik

, deftly steered the people through uncharted waters.Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

Shimon

HatzadikSlide15

As Kohen

Gadol

and head of the Sanhedrin, he embodied both religious and political power. (In the absence of the monarchy, the Kohen Gadol represented the nation to the outside world. Previously, it was a purely religious office.)

Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

Shimon

HatzadikSlide16

In 3448, Alexander marched through the land of Israel, bringing Persian rule to an end. Filled with trepidation, the Jews sent a delegation of Kohanim led by Shimon

HaTzadik

, all dressed in their priestly raiments.

Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

Shimon

HatzadikSlide17

Alexander promised to treat the Jews benignly. In appreciation, the Jewish people honored Alexander in two very special ways. First, all male Kohanim (according to some opinions, all male Jews) born that year would be named Alexander. Second, a new dating system for documents would be instituted, one based on Alexander's rule. This system was known as Minyan

Shtaros

and lasted more than 1,000 years. Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

Shimon

HatzadikSlide18

The leading disciple of Shimon

HaTzadik

, and the Jewish people’s new Torah leader, Antigonos taught the famous credo: "Do not serve G-d on condition of reward." While this simply means that one's Divine service should be free of ulterior motives, two of his students, Tzadok and Beothus

, misconstrued these words to mean that there is no eternal reward.

Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

División de

Poderes

***Slide19

For a vast payment, Joseph ben Tuvia, a highly corrupt man, obtained the taxation franchise from the ruler. Predictably, his exorbitant taxes bled the people dry. Eventually, even the exalted position of Kohen

Gadol

was turned into a purely political office, one entirely devoid of spirituality, and was sold to the highest bidder.Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

División de

Poderes

***Slide20

In response to these deteriorating conditions, the Sanhedrin established two leadership positions: the Nasi, or President of the Sanhedrin, who represented the Sanhedrin in political affairs; and the Av

Bais

Din, or Dean of the Sanhedrin, who was its leading halachic spokesman. The holders of these two offices were known as Zugos, pairs. The Mishnah in Avos lists five generations of Zugos

, beginning with Jose ben

Joezer

and Jose ben

Jochanan

, and continuing through

Shammai

and Hillel, representing a span of some 200 years.

Shimon Hatzadik-Chabad.org

División de

Poderes

***Slide21

In 3515, Eretz Israel was under the sway of the Egyptian Ptolemaic kings. Ptolemy II

Philadelphus

, a great lover of books and wisdom, painstakingly acquired a vast library. Knowing of the great fame of the Torah, he ordered 72 sages to come to Alexandria.Greek Influence -Chabad.org

Influencia

Griega

Slide22

For more than 1,000 years, since the giving of Torah at Sinai, scholarship was on such a high level that no halachic question was left undecided. After an issue was debated, analyzed, and voted on, there was complete unanimity and clarity in the decision. However, in the days of Jose ben

Joezer

and Jose ben Jochanan, the initial Zugos, the first unresolved dispute arose

Greek Influence -Chabad.org

Influencia

Griega

Slide23

Jewish youth flocked to the entertainments, at which athletes competed naked. Some Jews even attempted to undo their circumcisions surgically, which the Greeks encouraged because they considered circumcision a blemish on the supposedly perfect human body. Even worse, after sporting events participants offered sacrifices to the Greek gods.

Greek Influence -Chabad.org

Influencia

Griega

Slide24

Following such practices, a number of Jews adopted Greek names and mores, studied Greek literature and philosophy, and cast off Torah observance. These Jews became known as

Misyavnim

, or Hellenists, and looked with disdain at their religious, less modern brethren. Greek Influence -Chabad.org

Influencia

Griega

Slide25

Jews also moved to Greek centers, such as Alexandria, a major Hellenist city where Jews attained great affluence and rapidly assimilated. Alexandria was also the location of

Chonyo's

temple, where Jews offered sacrifices to G-d, violating the law of sacrificing outside the Bais Hamikdash. This temple lasted several hundred years.

Greek Influence -Chabad.org

Influencia

Griega

Slide26

In 3586, Antiochus assumed the Seleucid throne. This monarch saw as his life's mission spreading Greek culture and religion throughout his empire. Regardless of his behavior, the Hellenist Jews were delighted with Antiochus, seeing a great opportunity to usurp the office of Kohen

Gadol

, which they previously had not controlled.The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Antiochus IV Slide27

At this time the Kohen

Gadol

was a righteous man named Chonyo, a nickname for Jochanan. His Hellenized brother Jason, the Greek version of Joshua, bribed Antiochus with vast sums of money to be appointed in Chonyo's place. Once installed as Kohen

Gadol

, Jason built a gymnasium close to the Temple Mount.

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Los Hermanos Slide28

Menelaus, who may not even have been a Kohen, bribed Antiochus with even greater amounts of money to depose Jason and appoint Menelaus himself as Kohen

Gadol

. Once in power, Menelaus stole the holy vessels of the Bais Hamikdash to raise the vast sums he needed to pay his bribe.

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Menelaus Slide29

When

Chonyo

protested this brazen behavior, Menelaus had him murdered. The Sanhedrin then sent a delegation to Antiochus accusing Menelaus of great excesses, but Menelaus bribed the king's advisors and had the sages executedThe Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Menelaus Slide30

While Antiochus was abroad fighting the Egyptians, a rumor spread among the Jews that he had died in battle. Jason, taking advantage of this report, attacked Jerusalem, massacred many Jews, and drove Menelaus from power. However, Antiochus returned to Jerusalem, incensed at Jason's affront to his authority.

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Premacabeos

Slide31

The king massacred some 40,000 Jews, restored Menelaus to power, and despoiled the

Bais

Hamikdash of all remaining holy vessels, including the Golden Table and Menorah. Encouraged by the Hellenists, Antiochus also instituted harsh decrees aimed at destroying the Jewish religion, effectively plunging the Jewish people into a terrible spiritual exile in their own countryThe Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Premacabeos

Slide32

After plundering the

Bais

Hamikdash, Antiochus turned it into a pagan temple. The Divine service was abolished, and statues of Greek idols were set up. On 25 Kislev 3594, hogs were offered on the Altar to Greek gods. Possession of the Scriptures was forbidden, and any Jew found studying them was cruelly executed. Observance of the Sabbath, Rosh Chodesh, and circumcision was punishable by torture

and death

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

DecretosSlide33

The revolt began when a Greek garrison arrived in

Modiin

. Gathering all the Jews to the town square, the Greeks ordered Matisyahu to offer a hog to the Greek deities. He refused, exhorting the townspeople to be steadfast against the forces antithetical to Torah. The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

RevueltaSlide34

When a renegade Jew approached the pagan altar in order to offer the sacrifice himself,

Matisyahu

killed him and the surrounding Greek soldiers. Proclaiming "Mi Lashem Ayli" (Exodus 32:26), "Whoever is for G-d join me!" with other loyal Jews Matisyahu ran to the hills and began a guerrilla campaign against the Greek oppressors.

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

RevueltaSlide35

A triumphant Judah entered Jerusalem and the

Bais

Hamikdash. He and his forces spent several weeks in the Holy Temple, removing the idols, making necessary repairs, and reconstructing the defiled altar.

The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

ChanukahSlide36

Finally, political infighting within the Seleucid Empire caused the Syrian-Greeks to abandon their hope of subduing the Jewish people. Shimon, the last Maccabee survivor, eliminated the last Hellenist strongholds, bringing total independence to Eretz

Israelin

3622.The Events Before and After the Chanukah Miracle -Chabad.org

Independencia

Slide37

Shimon, the last surviving son of

Matisyahu

, became the leader of the Jewish people in 3622. He was the forerunner of the Hasmonean royal dynasty, which lasted 103 years until Herod wiped it out. Jochanan Hyrcanus ruled for 31 years (3625-3756) after the death of his father Shimon.

The Hasmoneans -Chabad.org

Los

Hasmoneos

Slide38

Upon conquering the neighboring people of Edom, he compelled them to convert to Judaism, contradictory to the Jewish law expressly forbidding forced conversions. Later, Herod, himself a converted Edomite, caused terrible suffering for the Jewish people. His son

Aristobulus

ruled for a year and was the first Hasmonean to proclaim himself king.The Hasmoneans-Chabad.org

Los

Hasmoneos

Slide39

Jannai

ruled 27 years (3757-3784) and completely identified with the Sadducees, even going so far as persecuting Torah sages. Thereafter,

Jannai killed many Torah sages, and the rest went into hiding. Sadducees then dominated the Sanhedrin, while true Torah scholars lost all positions of influence. The Hasmoneans-Chabad.org

Los

Hasmoneos

Slide40

Also known as Salome and

Shlomtzion

, Shlomis was Jannai's wife and ruled for nine years (3686-3695). A thoroughly righteous woman, her rule was marked by great peace and prosperity. Together with her brother Shimon ben Shatach.

The Hasmoneans-Chabad.org

Los

Hasmoneos

Slide41

Shlomis

removed the Sadducees from both the Sanhedrin and all positions of power, replacing them with Torah sages. At this time,

Yehudah ben Tabai and Shimon ben Shatach became Av Bais Din and Nasi of the Sanhedrin, respectively.

The Hasmoneans-Chabad.org

Los

Hasmoneos

Slide42

Perushim

FariseosSaduceos Amei

Haaretz

Gente

de la

tierra

Esenios

***

Jewish Factions During the Hasmonean Period-Chabad.org

SectasSlide43

Sadly, upon her death the golden years of

Shlomis

came to an end. Almost immediately, civil war broke out for the right of succession between her two sons Hyrcanus and Aristobulus. As the bitter conflict dragged on with no end in sight, the brothers committed an unimaginable blunder that led to the end of Jewish independence — ultimately to the destruction of the Bais Hamikdash

. In 3698, the brothers asked Pompey of Rome to mediate their dispute.

Roman Conquest and the Rise of Herod-Chabad.org

Conquista RomanaSlide44

In 3725, the Romans installed Antipater's son Herod as king of the Jews, and his wicked rule was a blow from which the Jewish people would not recover. As a descendant of Edomite slaves who had Hasmonean masters, Herod realized that the majority of the Jewish people would never accept him as a legitimate king.

Roman Conquest and the Rise of Herod-Chabad.org

HerodesSlide45

Although the sages had removed themselves from overt participation in the government, they realized that due to Roman meddling in the Sanhedrin the spiritual life of the nation was being compromised. As such, the sages decided that they, rather than the Sanhedrin, should appoint the Nasi.

Hillel y

Shammai - Chabad.org

Hillel y

Shammai

Slide46

Hillel, born in Babylon and a maternal scion of the House of David, was proclaimed Nasi in 3728, a position that included the right to pass on the title to his descendants. Indeed, the House of Hillel produced 14 generations of great leaders, spanning nearly 400 years, and guiding the Jewish people through some of their most difficult times.

Hillel y

Shammai - Chabad.org

Hillel y

Shammai

Slide47

Hillel and his Torah colleague

Shammai

were both disciples of Shemaya and Avtalyon as well as the last of the Zugos.

Shammai

and Hillel themselves only disagreed in three cases. However, due to increased Roman persecution, their disciples were unable to analyze new situations as deeply as Jewish scholars once could.

Hillel y

Shammai

- Chabad.org

Hillel y

Shammai

-

TanaimSlide48

As a result, the emerging scholars broke off into two schools of thought, known as

Bais

Shammai and Bais Hillel, and wound up disputing more than 300 cases

Hillel y

Shammai

- Chabad.org

Hillel y

Shammai

-

TanaimSlide49

Fariseos

– They were accordingly scrupulous observers of the Law as interpreted by the

Soferim, or Scribes, in accordance with tradition. "Perisha" (the singular of "Perishaya") denotes "one who separates himself," or keeps away from persons or things impure, in order to attain the degree of holiness and righteousness required in those who would commune with God (comp., for "

Perishut

" and "

Perisha

," Tan.,

Wayeẓe

, ed. Buber, p. 21;

Abot

iii. 13;

Soṭah

ix. 15;

Midr

. Teh. xv. 1; Num. R. x. 23; Targ. Gen. xlix. 26). Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia SectasSlide50

The same sanctity that the priests in the Temple claimed for their meals, at which they gathered with the recitation of benedictions (I Sam. ix. 13) and after ablutions (see Ablution), the Pharisees established for their meals, which were partaken of in holy assemblies after purifications and amidst benedictions (Geiger, "

Urschrift

," pp. 121-124). Especially were the Sabbath and holy days made the means of sanctification (see Ḳiddush), and, as at the sacrifices, wine was used in honor of the day.Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide51

A true Pharisee observed the same degree of purity in his daily meals as did the priest in the Temple (

Tosef

., Dem. ii. 2; so did Abraham, according to B. M. 87a), wherefore it was necessary that he should avoid contact with the 'am ha-areẓ (Ḥag. ii. 7).

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide52

Yet the Pharisees represented also the principle of progress; they were less rigid in the execution of justice ("Ant." xiii. 10, § 6), and the day when the stern

Sadducean

code was abolished was made a festival (Meg. Ta'an. iv.). While the Sadducees in adhering to the letter of the law required "an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth," the Pharisees, with the exception of Eliezer b. Hyrcanus, the Shammaite, interpreted this maxim to mean due compensation with money (Mek

.,

Mishpaṭim

, 8; B. Ḳ. 84b; comp. Matt. v. 38).

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide53

Nothing could have been more loathsome to the genuine Pharisee than Hypocrisy. "Whatever good a man does he should do it for the glory of God" (Ab. ii. 13;

Ber

. 17a). Nicodemus is blamed for having given of his wealth to the poor in an ostentatious manner (Ket. 66b). An evil action may be justified where the motive is a good one (Ber. 63a). Still, the very air of sanctity surrounding the life of the Pharisees often led to abuses.

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide54

Alexander

Jannæus

warned his wife not against the Pharisees, his declared enemies, but against "the chameleon- or hyena- ["ẓebo'im"-] like hypocrites who act like Zimri and claim the reward of Phinehas:" (Soṭah 22b). An ancient

baraita

enumerates seven classes of Pharisees, of which five consist of either eccentric fools or hypocrites: (1) "the shoulder Pharisee," who wears, as it were, his good actions. ostentatiously upon his shoulder; (2) "the wait-a-little Pharisee," who ever says, "Wait a little, until I have performed the good act awaiting me"; (3), "the bruised Pharisee," who in order to avoid looking at a woman runs against the wall so as to bruise himself and bleed;

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide55

(4) "the pestle Pharisee," who walks with head down like the pestle in the mortar; (5) "the ever-reckoning Pharisee," who says, "Let me know what good I may do to counteract my neglect"; (6) "the God-fearing Pharisee," after the manner of Job; (7) "the God-loving Pharisee," after the manner of Abraham (

Yer

. Ber. ix. 14b; Soṭah 22b; Ab. R. N., text A, xxxvii.; text B, xlv. [ed.

Schechter, pp. 55, 62]; the explanations in both

Talmuds

vary greatly; see

Chwolson

, "Das

Letzte-Passahmahl

," p. 116). R. Joshua b. Hananiah, at the beginning of the second century, calls eccentric Pharisees "destroyers of the world" (

Soṭah

iii. 4);

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide56

and the term "Pharisaic plagues" is frequently used by the leaders of the time (

Yer

. Soṭah iii. 19a).(It is such types of Pharisees that Jesus had in view when hurling his scathing words of condemnation against the Pharisees, whom he denounced as "hypocrites," calling them "offspring of vipers" ("hyenas"; see Ẓebu'im); "whited sepulchers which outwardly appear beautiful, but inwardly are full of dead men's bones"; "blind guides," "which strain out the gnat and swallow the camel" (Matt. vi. 2-5, 16; xii. 34; xv. 14; xxiii. 24, 27, Greek). He himself tells his disciples to do as the Scribes and

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide57

"Pharisees who sit on Moses' seat [see

Almemar

] bid them do"; but he blames them for not acting in the right spirit, for wearing large phylacteries and ẓiẓit, and for pretentiousness in many other things (ib. xxiii. 2-7). Exactly so are hypocrites censured in the Midrash (Pes. R. xxii. [ed. Friedmann, p. 111]); wearing tefillin and ẓiẓit, they harbor evil intentions in their breasts. Otherwise the Pharisees appear as friends of Jesus (Luke vii. 37, xiii. 31) and of the early Christians (Acts v. 38, xxiii. 9; "Ant." xx. 9, § 1).

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide58

Saduceos

-Name given to the party representing views and

practises of the Law and interests of Temple and priesthood directly opposite to those of the Pharisees. The singular form, "Ẓadduḳi" (Greek, Σαδδουκαῖος), is an adjective denoting "an adherent of the Bene Ẓadoḳ," the descendants of Zadok, the high priests who, tracing their pedigree back to Zadok, the chief of the priesthood in the days of David and Solomon (I Kings i. 34, ii. 35; I Chron. xxix. 22), formed the Temple hierarchy all through the time of the First and Second Temples down to the days of Ben Sira (II Chron. xxxi. 10; Ezek. xl. 46, xliv. 15, xlviii. 11;

Ecclus

. [Sirach] li. 12 [9], Hebr.

Sadducees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide59

A party name applied to all the aristocratic circles connected with the high priests by marriage and other social relations, as only the highest patrician families intermarried with the priests officiating at the Temple in Jerusalem (

Ḳid

. iv. 5; Sanh. iv. 2; comp. Josephus, "B. J." ii. 8, § 14). "Haughty men these priests are, saying which woman is fit to be married by us, since our father is high priest, our uncles princes and rulers, and we presiding officers at the Temple"—these words, put into the mouth of Nadab and Abihu (Tan., Aḥare Mot, ed. Buber, 7;

Pesiḳ

. 172b;

Midr

.

Teh

. to Ps. lxxviii. 18),

Sadducees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide60

reflect exactly the opinion prevailing among the Pharisees concerning the

Sadducean

jewishencyclopedia.compriesthood (comp. a similar remark about the "haughty" aristocracy of Jerusalem in Shab. 62b). The Sadducees, says Josephus, have none but the rich on their side ("Ant." xiii. 10, § 6).

Sadducees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide61

Eseneos

–More rigorous ones that withdrew from political life after the death of Judas Maccabeus, refused to recognize the Hasmonean high priests and kings as legitimate rulers of the Temple and of the state, and, as Essenes, formed a brotherhood of their own.

Pharisees-Jerusalem Encyclopedia

SectasSlide62

At the beginning, there were only Judaic observance and believe in

Yeshua

. Paul the Convert – Allan F. Sigal

The original Christians were Jews who acted Jewishly in all respects except for their belief in

Yeshu

. By 100 CE, Christianity was an exclusively non-Jewish religion.

Splinter Groups-Yosef Eisen

Mesianismo

Slide63

“The Nazarenes do not differ in any essential thing from them (meaning the Orthodox Jews), since they practice the customs and doctrines prescribed by Jewish Law; except that they believe in Christ.   They believe in the resurrection of the dead, and that the universe was created by God.   They preach that God is One, and that Jesus Christ is His Son.  

Willis, Norman. Nazarene Israel: The Original Faith Of The Apostles (Kindle Locations 443-446). Nazarene Israel. Kindle Edition.

Mesianismo

Slide64

They are very learned in the Hebrew language. They read the Law (meaning the Law of Moses)…. Therefore they differ… from the true Christians because they fulfill until now [such] Jewish rites as the circumcision, Sabbath and others.” [Epiphanius, “Against Heresies,”

Panarion

29, 7, pp. 41, 402]

Willis, Norman. Nazarene Israel: The Original Faith Of The Apostles (Kindle Locations 443-446). Nazarene Israel. Kindle Edition.

Mesianismo

Slide65

They (Nazarenes) are characterized essentially by their tenacious attachment to Jewish observances.   If they became heretics in the eyes of the Mother Church, it is simply because they remained fixed on outmoded positions.   They well represent, (even) though Epiphanius is energetically refusing to admit it, the very direct descendants of that

primitivecommunity

, of which our author (Epiphanius) knows that it was designated by the Jews, by the same name, of ‘Nazarenes’.” [First Century expert Marcel Simon, Judéo-christianisme, pp 47-48.]

Willis, Norman. Nazarene Israel: The Original Faith Of The Apostles (Kindle Locations 464-466). Nazarene Israel. Kindle Edition.

Mesianismo

Slide66

Paul

the

Convert – Allan F. SigalMajor Trends

in

Jewish

Mysticism

Gershom

Sholem

Judaism

Sigal Dead Sea Scrolls Traductions – Robert Eisenman Nazarene Israel – Norman B. Willis Jewish History -Yosef Eiseman Referencias