EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY any firsthand account given by an individual of an event they have seen best known for its use by police to acquire details about a crime and even to identify a perpetrator ID: 654405
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Slide1
MEMORY
FALLIBLITY OF MEMORYSlide2
EYE-WITNESS TESTIMONY
any
firsthand
account given by an
individual
of an event they have seen.
best
known for its use by
police
to acquire
details
about a
crime
and even to identify a perpetrator.
often
in
court
and
juries tend to view it as a reliable source of information. Slide3
INACCURATE BECAUSE…
eye-witnesses
reconstruct
their memories and their reconstructed memories can be
manipulated
by leading questions that contain
misleading
information. Slide4
LEADING QUESTIONS
has content or is phrased in such a way as to
suggest
what answer is desired or to lead to the desired answer. Slide5
‘How fast was the car going when it ran the stop sign?’
C
ontains
a
presupposition
— information that should or must be true in order for the question to make sense. Slide6
LOFTUS AND PALMER 1974
investigated the influence of
question wording
on memory reconstruction, particularly how information supplied
after
an event can
distort
a witness’s memory for that event. Slide7
FIRST EXPERIMENT
45 volunteers (students)
Shown 7 short videos of car accidents
Ranged from 5 to 30 seconds
Participants =
eye-witness
Asked to write a description of the accident and answer questions (including leading questions)
Had to estimate the speed of the cars involved in each collisionSlide8
5 CONDITIONS
HOW FAST WERE THE CARS GOING WHEN THEY…Slide9Slide10Slide11
CONCLUSION
results could be due to participants’ memories being
distorted
by the verbal
label
used to describe the intensity of the car crash.
also
recognised
that the results could have been influenced by an uncontrolled extraneous variable called
response bias
.Slide12
SECOND EXPERIMENT
150 students
1 of 3 conditions
1 minute video - 4 second multiple car crashSlide13
SECOND EXPERIMENTSlide14Slide15
LOFTUS AND PALMER
Formed a memory based on video
Integrated false information (smashed/hit)
Included presupposition
One week later
Information had been integrated to form a new distorted memory
Source confusion
Unable to
tell the key info from the new sourcesSlide16
SOURCE CONFUSION
arises
when the
true
source of
the memory is
forgotten
or when a memory is attributed to the wrong source.
In
Loftus’s studies, ‘
misinformation
’ provided in leading questions
after
the event become confused with the details of the original memory. Slide17Slide18Slide19
TED – Elizabeth Loftus
https://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=PB2OegI6wvISlide20Slide21