Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Negative Effects of Sleep Deprivation

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=BKXKBI8IZ24Slide2

Sleep Deprivation because of studying or homework:

http://www.npr.org/blogs/health/2012/08/22/159435167/high-school-daze-the-perils-of-sacrificing-sleep-for-late-night-studyingSlide3

Sleep - Review

Nova – time stamp 2:39 - 15:00

http

://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=tL9IfCh8LJsSlide4

Why do we dream??

There are three major hypotheses about why we dream.

Evidence

supports all of them, so

no one theory is better than the otherSlide5

The first

theory

Dreams

are used to get the brain reorganized after a day’s work of thinking and dealing with problems.

This

makes sense because we know that brain chemicals are used up during the day.

Notice

how hard it is to study on nights when you have done a lot of mental work during the day.

To restore the chemicals, we have to cut off the outside world in order to keep new problems – which would require more work – from getting in. The brain however, cannot remain inactive. So dreams keep the brain busy with old material while it is being recharged.Slide6

The second

theory

Dreams

are designed to help work out unsolved problems left over from the day.

You

can find evidence for this in something that has happened to almost everyone. You go to bed with a problem of some sort that you haven’t been able to solve – maybe in math or history, or maybe a personal problem.

When

you awake in the morning, there’s the solution, as obvious as can be.

Further

support comes from the fact that when we are under stress or depressed, we sleep longer, and the amount of time spent in REM increases. This fact strongly suggests that we are working on things that are worrying us while we dream.Slide7

The third explanation

Inspired

from today’s emphasis on the

computer

It

is possible that we get too much unnecessary material in our “files” from the day’s tasks.

Thus

, dreams result from all the electrical realignments, revising, and updating going on in the brain.

As

various electrical circuits are being fired, different memory circuits are being triggered, and we have a dream. In other words, the brain is trying to make sense of the bits and pieces of information that are appearing while we are cleaning out the material, so it makes up a “story” to fit them. This would account for why we so often put odd things together in a dream.Slide8

Lucid Dreams on Discovery Channel

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ASf55cov5F8Slide9

What actually causes dreams?

First

, remember that all our memories, thoughts and actions are controlled by electrical impulses in the brain.

Electrical

bursts occur in cycles throughout the night. These bursts come from deep within the brain at regular intervals (90-minute cycles) and have special brain cells that turn them on and off.

The

electrical impulses move upward, hitting various portions of the upper brain, thus firing different memory circuits.

The

result is what we call dreams. These bursts also cause eye movements. We are not “watching” our dreams.

Even people without sight from birth have rapid eye movements, but the content of their dreams center on sound and touch.Slide10

Psychology of Dreams

Throughout

history, dreams have been considered mystical and, in some cases, able to predict the future.

But there

is no scientific evidence to support such claims.

Since

we know that dreams are made by electrical impulses causing the firing of our own memory circuits, it is

obvious that the material is coming directly from us

.

If coming from us, then we should be able to tell the future just as much when we’re awake as during a dream – if the future can be known. It also seems unlikely that dreams tell us much more about ourselves than we already know. A dream can trigger a memory that we have forgotten or deal with something that we hadn’t paid much attention to, but this is far different from receiving a special secret message

.Slide11

Dream Content

Most

dreams, most of the time, are about very ordinary events.

Things

from a normal day, family, friends, and

school

Dreams

also contain a lot of material about worries, fears, or feeling inferior because these are concerns we all have.

O

ften dreams involve an argument. Good part = we most always turn out to be right in our dreams (we agree with ourselves in our dreams) While 70% of our dreams are about people, we actually know, there are also other unexpected common images in dreams. For

example, 40% of females dream about the sea or bodies of water, while only 27% of males do. Falling or being chased in a dream is very common and occurs about equally for males and females. Romance is likewise typical. And the following themes occur with some frequency among completely normal males and females: violence, talking to dead friends or relatives, shoplifting, finding yourself naked in public, and discovering the “secrete of the universe” – which unfortunately we forget by the time we wake up.Slide12

Trying to understand your dreams

The concept that dreams are symbolic or represent deep, hidden impulses, needs or desires has been around forever.

Even

world leaders have been known to guide their movements by dreams.

The

story goes that Abraham Lincoln had dream warnings that it was dangerous for him to go to Ford’s Theatre, where he was later assassinated.

Most

, but not all researchers today believe that dream content of this sort is just a reflection of daytime, waking concerns that appear at night, rather than the result of some special message from another world or from our own unconscious world.Slide13

Finally, something that isn’t understood at all:

about

50% of our dreams are in

color

50

% are in black and

white

Despite

numerous experiments, it isn’t known why.Slide14

Weird Dreams

Usually

the core of the dream is reasonable, but the story winds up happening in a strange place or with people you don’t expect.

Example: ugly

Uncle Harry is seen starring as the handsome leading man in a romantic movie.

It’s

probable that these strange combinations occur from the random nature of the electrical firing, putting together things we would not normally allow if we were awake and in control.

Strange

dreams do

not mean something is wrong with you. The only time you should be concerned is if the same dream occurs over and over and really is bothersome. Then it’s time to sit down with a friend and try to figure out what it means. It will probably then disappear as long as you don’t let it worry you.  Slide15

Nightmares

There

are two frightening experiences that can occur during sleep.

The

first happens during REM and is called the

nightmare

.

- Fortunately

, nightmares are infrequent, only about

5% of the population has them as often as once a week. - The odds that all of us will have a nightmare on occasion are very high since we all carry around bad memories that can be triggered.

More likely when:people have missed REM periods for a dayfrom drinking too much alcohol

not

getting enough sleep.

The

reason nightmares appear then is that if REM is blocked,

REM rebound

occurs.

REM

rebound

= the first

time we go to sleep after being deprived of REM, both the length and the number of dreams increase (rebound) dramatically to make up for the loss.

H

ence

, the chances of having unpleasant dreams increase.

DO NOT mean something is wrong with you, just

part of dreaming.

NO

evidence that nightmares are caused by eating something strange.Slide16

Incubus Attacks (“Night Terrors”)

Incubus

attack

, from the Latin meaning “to have a devil on your back”.

These

are horrible dreams that are quite vivid and

real.

occurs

during NREM, not

REMThe body knows that a regular dream is coming every 90 minutes and prepares for it, but the body is caught completely unprepared by an unpleasant dream that gets triggered during NREM. The physical overload it causes sets off major bodily changes. Breathing rate zooms upward, and the person feels choked, heart rate takes off to an unbelievable 170-plus beats a minute. These events create a feeling of panic, and a fear of dying. The sleeper usually springs up in bed, sweating, nauseated, and afraid. Since to the body, which is unprepared, NREM is so much closer to reality than REM, we “know” it is “not” a dream, and its’ too much to handle

. Night terror is fairly common in very young children. For some unknown reason, these dreams seem to be connected with a maturing brain. Should

not be treated by a professional, since all that would do is call attention to them and frighten the child even more. The child will grow out of them.

If

incubus attacks occur with any frequency beyond middle adolescence, the chances are good that something physical is wrong and this should not be ignored.Slide17

Sleep walking and talking

A

fair number of people sleepwalk or talk in their sleep. Neither indicates something is wrong with them.

On

the side of the brain, there are specific areas that control body movements and speech. When random electrical impulses hit these areas, they cause walking or talking.

Such

behavior typically occurs during

stage 4 sleep

, a deep NREM sleep period, so the person is not really awake or making much sense.

Trying to communicate is fruitless. You may have heard it is dangerous to wake a sleepwalker. That’s not true. Sleepwalkers are just asleep. Wake them up so they don’t wander off and hurt themselves. Just be sure they’re sitting or lying down first.Slide18

Insomnia

About 44% of Americans have trouble sleeping. Most of these problems are self created.

Dogs

and cats, for example, don’t have

insomnia

(the inability to get enough sleep

).

The two most common causes of insomnia are getting out of normal circadian cycle and taking drugs or alcohol especially before going to sleep.

The

irony of sleep pills:They tend to block REM sleep. As a result, over a week or so, these people are losing more and more REM and feeling worse and less able to sleep. By the end of a week, they may even feel depressed. The

more depressed they become, the more they need REM, and so on. AlcoholReally heavy alcohol use for an extended period of time can cause such severe REM rebound that dreams appear while the person is still awake – in a form like the incubus attack. Bugs seem to be attacking, snakes are crawling under the bed and so forth.

These

are the result of the continued heavy use of drugs or alcohol;

On

the other side, sometimes drugs can help bring sleep for a very brief time after a trauma, such as a death in the family.Slide19

Narcolepsy

An

infrequent problem that starts sometime between the teens and 20 years of

age

In

this disorder, an individual can go into “instant” REM anywhere anytime, even while driving a car or in the middle of talking to someone.

Thus

, although rare, it is extremely dangerous since the person immediately loses consciousness.

Drugs

are available that often help, so treatment is mandatory. No cause is known. Sad narcoleptic puppy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wN1_yS6_5T4Slide20

Sleep Apnea

Usually

with older

people

The

word

apnea

means to “stop breathing”. Someone with this disorder literally stops breathing hundreds of times during sleep and keeps waking up.

Normally

the person doesn’t know this is happening. This severely affects REM sleep.Slide21

Inception

http://

www.youtube.com/watch?v=V3-a58Wt2tk&feature=relatedSlide22

States of Consciousness

Hypnosis

involves

being in a relaxed state with a

heightened ability

to focus on specific things, while ignoring the usual

distractions.

Before

we go on, it might help to give you a feel for why people think hypnosis is a strange and mysterious force. One of the words connected with “mystical” happenings is that we still use is mesmerize, which means to put someone under your power. This term comes from Anton Mesmer, who worked in the late 1700s “curing” people of their ailments. Mesmer claimed that he had special magnetic powers and that people who needed help could have their body magnetisms “realigned” if they came to him. He had an enormous bathtub filled with iron fillings, water, and ground glass. Iron rods stuck out from the side of the tub, and the “sick” visitors were told to hold onto the tub, claiming he was mixing his magnetism with theirs.

Mesmer then entered the room wearing colorful, flowing robes and touched the tub, claiming he was mixing his magnetism with theirs. Mesmer was clearly a quack, since for those who couldn’t make it to his place, he sold bottles of his special magnetism for a “take-out” cure.Slide23

The Nature of Hypnosis

Hypnosis: a

state that helps a person focus attention on certain objects, acts, or feelings.

Think

back to a time

when

you were both studying and listening to

music:

You

could not do both of them equally well and at the same time. If you focused on the music, what you were reading faded, or if you focused on what you were reading, the music faded. So it is obvious that we have the power to control how much attention we give to different things in the environment. And if we want, we can cut out some stimulation altogether. You have been doing that while reading this text. Some of the things you may have been blocking out include the feel of your clothing, if you have shoes on your feet, that the room is light, that there is noise coming from the heat register, that your arms are connected to your body, and so forth.

Once you are aware of these things, they come into focus, one by one, demonstrating the point. Memories are cut off also. You have “forgotten” for example, the sights, smells, sounds and feelings of your first day in high school – until reading this sentence.Slide24

Analogy

The brain is like a mammoth stereo system with billions of speakers, switches and filters so that you can turn on one, then another, blend them, mix them, or make most of them turn off completely.

Some

people get so good at controlling incoming stimulation that they can stick a knitting needle right through the arm and not feel a thing

.

Ouch?Slide25

How brain can be modified?

Depending on the goal, hypnotists use the power of suggestion to aid in focusing or blocking whatever system is desired.

Thus

, a person can be aided in forgetting something, remembering something, reducing pain, and so forth.

All

of us can do anything without hypnosis that we can do under hypnosis. Some people just don’t have enough confidence in themselves to believe that this is the case, so they rely on the hypnotist to aid them.Slide26

Hypnosis is NOT sleep

Misconception

may

have arisen because subjects can get so relaxed they are like rag dolls and they act semiconscious.

Or

it may be because hypnotists say, “You are getting sleepy”.

Hypnosis

is an intense form of relaxation with the

person fully conscious.

Does the hypnotist really have control over the person? Only if the person wants to be under control, since he or she is still conscious. If you tell someone in a deep trance to stay in the room and you’ll be back in a couple of days, he or she may still there for a while, relaxed, until what you’ve said fully registers. The person will then get up and leave. Trance is just another word for the state of relaxation that the person is in. The deeper the trance, the more likely the subject will be relaxed and will cooperate with the hypnotist’s suggestions.Slide27

Can you make someone do something immoral under hypnosis?

Unlikely

, unless the person really wants to do it and uses the hypnosis as an excuse.

If

, however, the subject is in a deep trance and is foggy, he or she may trust what the hypnotist says far more than normally, so that is a problem.

In

this sense, hypnosis

can

be dangerous, since the subject lets down defenses while putting faith in the hypnotists.

Thus, hypnotized people could say or do things that would embarrass them later on. The actual physical dangers are few, but some subjects get a headache afterward or feel a little anxious or confused.Slide28

Use of Hypnosis

Might

help with reducing weight or with giving up smoking or

drinking (but only if the person really desires

to

change).

Hypnosis

can help with minor pain, such as some dental work; it can help a woman through a normal childbirth; it can help reduce some headaches.

Hypnosis

cannot improve memory, but it can help you focus better on such things as study assignments, so it has been useful in education. A great deal of “hype” has been given to the so-called posthypnotic suggestion, with people claiming that it causes someone to do something that they can’t control. This is quite an exaggeration since a person is suggestible under hypnosis but still quite conscious.Slide29

Meditation

Form

of self-control in which a person uses many of the “switches” and “filters” of the brain to cut off the outside world.

He

or she then focuses on some steady rhythm or sound, trying to put the brain more or less into “neutral” in order to feel peaceful and at ease.

The

steady sound can be a hum or a word or a phrase that the person repeats, or even simply the ticking of a clock.

Meditation

can be very effective in lower blood pressure or lowering heart rate. Some people can do it without going through any ritual.

And some people cannot relax, no matter what. Asking them to relax actually makes them nervous and more tense.Slide30

Interesting Facts:

Infants spend a good 75% of the time in REM

sleep

A

normal person can sleep up to 17 hours a night,

but too

much sleep doesn’t work either. After 11 hours, the brain is “thick,” and we do poorly on tasks requiring alertness.

Long

sleepers (ten hours plus) also tend to die earlier than short sleepers (six hours).