Melaine Randle BSc Hons PhD Candidate The Biotechnology Centre What Is Biotechnology Manipulation of living organisms systems to develop products Term coined by Hungarian engineer Karl ID: 611387
Download Presentation The PPT/PDF document "THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY" is the property of its rightful owner. Permission is granted to download and print the materials on this web site for personal, non-commercial use only, and to display it on your personal computer provided you do not modify the materials and that you retain all copyright notices contained in the materials. By downloading content from our website, you accept the terms of this agreement.
Slide1
THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
Melaine Randle, B.Sc. (Hons), PhD. CandidateThe Biotechnology CentreSlide2
What Is Biotechnology?Manipulation of living organisms, systems to develop products.Term coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky
in 1919.Field integrates knowledge from biochemistry, chemistry, microbiology and chemical engineering.Includes genomics, recombinant gene technologies, applied immunology and development of pharmaceutical, diagnostic tests.Slide3
HistoryUsed in agriculture, food production and medicine for thousands of years.Bred productive animals to make stronger and more productive
offsprings.Fermentation: yeast cells to raise bread dough, ferment alcoholic beverages.Microbial cultures; bacterial cells used to make cheeses and yogurts. Slide4
History
Clostridium acetobutylicum
Weizmann (1917),
C
.
acetobutylicum
corn starch acetone explosives (WWI).
Antibiotics:
Penicillium notatum
(Alexander
Flemming
, 1928).
Penicillin (Florey, Chain, Heatley). Medicinal use (1940).
Penicillium notatum Slide5
ApplicationsMedicalDrug production (eg
. Insulin, antibiotics)Pharmacogenomics (genetic inheritance and response to drugs)Gene Therapy (replace defective genes)Genetic testing for diseases eg. Down’s Syndrome, Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus sampling.Slide6
ApplicationsChemical IndustryProduction of bulk chemicals eg. Ethanol, citric acid, acetone,
butanolSynthesis of enzymes, amino acids, alkaloidsFood IndustryProduction of baker’s yeast, cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, flavours,
colouring
agents
Brewing and wine making
Slide7
ApplicationsAgricultureCrop yieldReduce vulnerability of crops to environmetal stresses
Increased nutritional qualitiesImproved taste, texture or appearance of foodReduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticidesProduction of novel substances in cropsAnimal BiotechnologySlide8
EnvironmentBioremediation of soil and water polluted with chemicalsTreatment of sewage and other organic wasteRecovery of heavy metals from industrial sourcesApplicationsSlide9
Biotechnology TechniquesDNA Isolation
DNA AmplificationDNA CloningRestriction Enzyme DigestionGel ElectrophoresisDNA SequencingSlide10
DNA IsolationSlide11
DNA AmplificationPolymerase Chain ReactionKary Mullis (1986)Creates millions of copies of specific DNA sequence synthetically via thermal cycler
Materials needed:DNA templatedNTPs (dinucleotide triphosphates)Taq DNA PolymearsePrimers
Reaction buffer (+ sterile water)Slide12
PCR Steps
DenaturationAnnealingExtensionSlide13
DNA CloningSlide14
Restriction Enzyme Digestion
Restriction enzymesShort nucleotide sequences (4-8 bp)Recognize and cleave DNA at specific sitesSlide15
Gel Electrophoresis
Separation and size determination of DNA fragments Gel (agarose / polyacrylamide) in buffer Electrical voltage DNA moves from
–
electrode to
+
electrodeSlide16
Gel ElectrophoresisDNA on gel visualized under
UV exposure after ethidium bromide staining (carcinogenic)DNA Fragments on Agarose GelSlide17
DNA SequencingDideoxy chain termination method (Sanger, 1975); Maxam and Gilbert Chemical Cleavage methodCurrently – automated sequencingArray of nucleoide bases in a sequence of DNASlide18
DNA Sequencing
Theory similar to Sanger Sequencing
4 different
dNTPs
tagged with 4 different
fluorescent dyes in single tube
All 4 tagged
dNTPs
electrophoresed
on
a gel in one lane
Fragments still separate by size but show as coloured bands Colours have different wavelengths read
by computer Computer translates colours
into order of nucleotidesSlide19
Automated SequencingChromatogram / spectrographSlide20
Controversial Biotech AdvancesFlavr savr tomato (Calgene
) approved for commercial sale (1994)Flavr Savr TomatoesSlide21
Cloning of Dolly, the sheep (1996)First mammal cloned from adult somatic cellsControversial Biotech Advances
DollySlide22
Embryonic Stem Cells Grown (James Thomson,1998)Controversial Biotech Advances
Human Stem Cell CultureSlide23
Human genome project (2000)Map 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA (2003)Potential benefits - better understanding of human evolution, how to better treat diseasesControversial Biotech AdvancesSlide24
Biotech ConcernsHarm to Environment – effect of GMOs on ecosystem
Bioterrorism- terrorists create new Superbugs, infectious viruses, or toxins, which are incurableLab or production safety – concern for lab techs when working with organisms of unknown virulence.Ethical issues – is cloning sacrilegious?Slide25
Biotech EarningsSeveral Biotech companies worldwideEarnings exceed USD billions annually.B$10 in 3rd
quarter 2005 for just 25 biotech companiesMonsanto earned B$8.3 in 2008US AgBiotech earned M$107.5 (1993), earned B$10 (2000)AgBiotech earned B$100 (2010)Herbal Biotech B$8Slide26
Biotechnology in Jamaica Biotechnology Centre (University of the West Indies)
Scientific Research Council Coconut Industry Board Slide27
The Biotechnology Centre - UWIEstablished in 1989Develop the research capabilities and training programmes in biotechnology
(post-graduate students)Slide28
BTC – Current ProjectsPlant tissue culture indigenous medicinal plant bankProduction of disease-free yam (Dioscorea sp) plantlets Improvements in micro-propagation methods Slide29
BTC- ProjectsPlant genetic transformation Resistance to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Production of papaya for human consumption, either fresh or processed Cornell University, USA & UWI, Jamaica
PapayaSlide30
Plant Genetic TransformationResistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Is) Production of tomatoes for human consumption, either fresh or processed UW-Madison, Hebrew Univ., UWIBTC- Projects
TYLCVSlide31
BTC - ProjectsPlant molecular virologyMolecular diagnostics based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique had been developed for detecting geminiviruses, lethal yellowing (LY)
phytoplasma, and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Slide32
Career PossibilitiesBiotechnology companies Major drug companies (biotechnology divisions). Chemical companies with large agricultural chemical businesses also have substantial biotechnology labsResearcher; Chemist; Research AssistantLab TechSlide33
Education and TrainingBachelor's degreemost scientists say it is necessary to have a Ph.D. to be given the responsibility to do creative workSlide34
ConclusionBiotechnology offers great promise in:Improving the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary diseases Formulation and manufacture of safer drugsProduction of environmentally friendly herbicides and pesticides
Improvement in microbial processes to clean up the environmentMaking these promises a reality require effort and revision of several assumptionsSlide35
Thank You