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THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - PowerPoint Presentation

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THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY - PPT Presentation

Melaine Randle BSc Hons PhD Candidate The Biotechnology Centre What Is Biotechnology Manipulation of living organisms systems to develop products Term coined by Hungarian engineer Karl ID: 611387

biotechnology dna biotech production dna biotechnology production biotech gel human sequencing companies chemical plant cloning cells btc earned projects

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Slide1

THE IMPORTANCE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY

Melaine Randle, B.Sc. (Hons), PhD. CandidateThe Biotechnology CentreSlide2

What Is Biotechnology?Manipulation of living organisms, systems to develop products.Term coined by Hungarian engineer Karl Ereky

in 1919.Field integrates knowledge from biochemistry, chemistry, microbiology and chemical engineering.Includes genomics, recombinant gene technologies, applied immunology and development of pharmaceutical, diagnostic tests.Slide3

HistoryUsed in agriculture, food production and medicine for thousands of years.Bred productive animals to make stronger and more productive

offsprings.Fermentation: yeast cells to raise bread dough, ferment alcoholic beverages.Microbial cultures; bacterial cells used to make cheeses and yogurts. Slide4

History

Clostridium acetobutylicum

Weizmann (1917),

C

.

acetobutylicum

corn starch acetone explosives (WWI).

Antibiotics:

Penicillium notatum

(Alexander

Flemming

, 1928).

Penicillin (Florey, Chain, Heatley). Medicinal use (1940).

Penicillium notatum Slide5

ApplicationsMedicalDrug production (eg

. Insulin, antibiotics)Pharmacogenomics (genetic inheritance and response to drugs)Gene Therapy (replace defective genes)Genetic testing for diseases eg. Down’s Syndrome, Amniocentesis and Chorionic Villus sampling.Slide6

ApplicationsChemical IndustryProduction of bulk chemicals eg. Ethanol, citric acid, acetone,

butanolSynthesis of enzymes, amino acids, alkaloidsFood IndustryProduction of baker’s yeast, cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, flavours,

colouring

agents

Brewing and wine making

Slide7

ApplicationsAgricultureCrop yieldReduce vulnerability of crops to environmetal stresses

Increased nutritional qualitiesImproved taste, texture or appearance of foodReduced dependence on fertilizers, pesticidesProduction of novel substances in cropsAnimal BiotechnologySlide8

EnvironmentBioremediation of soil and water polluted with chemicalsTreatment of sewage and other organic wasteRecovery of heavy metals from industrial sourcesApplicationsSlide9

Biotechnology TechniquesDNA Isolation

DNA AmplificationDNA CloningRestriction Enzyme DigestionGel ElectrophoresisDNA SequencingSlide10

DNA IsolationSlide11

DNA AmplificationPolymerase Chain ReactionKary Mullis (1986)Creates millions of copies of specific DNA sequence synthetically via thermal cycler

Materials needed:DNA templatedNTPs (dinucleotide triphosphates)Taq DNA PolymearsePrimers

Reaction buffer (+ sterile water)Slide12

PCR Steps

DenaturationAnnealingExtensionSlide13

DNA CloningSlide14

Restriction Enzyme Digestion

Restriction enzymesShort nucleotide sequences (4-8 bp)Recognize and cleave DNA at specific sitesSlide15

Gel Electrophoresis

Separation and size determination of DNA fragments Gel (agarose / polyacrylamide) in buffer Electrical voltage DNA moves from

electrode to

+

electrodeSlide16

Gel ElectrophoresisDNA on gel visualized under

UV exposure after ethidium bromide staining (carcinogenic)DNA Fragments on Agarose GelSlide17

DNA SequencingDideoxy chain termination method (Sanger, 1975); Maxam and Gilbert Chemical Cleavage methodCurrently – automated sequencingArray of nucleoide bases in a sequence of DNASlide18

DNA Sequencing

Theory similar to Sanger Sequencing

4 different

dNTPs

tagged with 4 different

fluorescent dyes in single tube

All 4 tagged

dNTPs

electrophoresed

on

a gel in one lane

Fragments still separate by size but show as coloured bands Colours have different wavelengths read

by computer Computer translates colours

into order of nucleotidesSlide19

Automated SequencingChromatogram / spectrographSlide20

Controversial Biotech AdvancesFlavr savr tomato (Calgene

) approved for commercial sale (1994)Flavr Savr TomatoesSlide21

Cloning of Dolly, the sheep (1996)First mammal cloned from adult somatic cellsControversial Biotech Advances

DollySlide22

Embryonic Stem Cells Grown (James Thomson,1998)Controversial Biotech Advances

Human Stem Cell CultureSlide23

Human genome project (2000)Map 20,000-25,000 genes in human DNA (2003)Potential benefits - better understanding of human evolution, how to better treat diseasesControversial Biotech AdvancesSlide24

Biotech ConcernsHarm to Environment – effect of GMOs on ecosystem

Bioterrorism- terrorists create new Superbugs, infectious viruses, or toxins, which are incurableLab or production safety – concern for lab techs when working with organisms of unknown virulence.Ethical issues – is cloning sacrilegious?Slide25

Biotech EarningsSeveral Biotech companies worldwideEarnings exceed USD billions annually.B$10 in 3rd

quarter 2005 for just 25 biotech companiesMonsanto earned B$8.3 in 2008US AgBiotech earned M$107.5 (1993), earned B$10 (2000)AgBiotech earned B$100 (2010)Herbal Biotech B$8Slide26

Biotechnology in Jamaica Biotechnology Centre (University of the West Indies)

Scientific Research Council Coconut Industry Board Slide27

The Biotechnology Centre - UWIEstablished in 1989Develop the research capabilities and training programmes in biotechnology

(post-graduate students)Slide28

BTC – Current ProjectsPlant tissue culture indigenous medicinal plant bankProduction of disease-free yam (Dioscorea sp) plantlets Improvements in micro-propagation methods Slide29

BTC- ProjectsPlant genetic transformation Resistance to Papaya ringspot virus (PRSV) Production of papaya for human consumption, either fresh or processed Cornell University, USA & UWI, Jamaica

PapayaSlide30

Plant Genetic TransformationResistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-Is) Production of tomatoes for human consumption, either fresh or processed UW-Madison, Hebrew Univ., UWIBTC- Projects

TYLCVSlide31

BTC - ProjectsPlant molecular virologyMolecular diagnostics based on the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique had been developed for detecting geminiviruses, lethal yellowing (LY)

phytoplasma, and Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) Slide32

Career PossibilitiesBiotechnology companies Major drug companies (biotechnology divisions). Chemical companies with large agricultural chemical businesses also have substantial biotechnology labsResearcher; Chemist; Research AssistantLab TechSlide33

Education and TrainingBachelor's degreemost scientists say it is necessary to have a Ph.D. to be given the responsibility to do creative workSlide34

ConclusionBiotechnology offers great promise in:Improving the diagnosis and treatment of hereditary diseases Formulation and manufacture of safer drugsProduction of environmentally friendly herbicides and pesticides

Improvement in microbial processes to clean up the environmentMaking these promises a reality require effort and revision of several assumptionsSlide35

Thank You