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UNIT 8 SPANISH HEGEMONY UNIT 8 SPANISH HEGEMONY

UNIT 8 SPANISH HEGEMONY - PowerPoint Presentation

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UNIT 8 SPANISH HEGEMONY - PPT Presentation

IN THE 16TH CENTURY 1 THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN CASTILE AND ARAGON A DYNASTIC UNION The Modern Age began in Spain with the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ID: 681529

charles philip spain spanish philip charles spanish spain conquest americas territories empire economy arag

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Slide1

UNIT 8

SPANISH HEGEMONY

IN THE 16TH CENTURYSlide2

1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN

CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION

The

Modern

Age

began

in

Spain with the reign of the Catholic Monarchs

They

took the first steps towards Sapanish hegemony, in Europe, consolidated in the 16th century by Charles I and Philip IISlide3

1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN

CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION

The

marriage

between

Isabella

I of Castilla and

Ferdinand II of Aragón in 1469 was the first step towards the

union between the kingdom

of Castilla and the states integrated under the Crown of Aragón The union was made effective in 1479,

but it was only dynastic union

Each

territory

kept

their

respective

institutions, laws and monetary systems

However

, they stablished some commmon aims for both crownsSlide4

1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN

The

first step towards

territorial unity was incorporating Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492 that put an

end

to

the

peninsular conquestthe process culminated in the integration of the

kingdom of Navarra (1512)

They also prepared themselves for a future union with Potugal through marriage alliances

To

achieve religious unity the Catholic Monarchs created

the

Tribunal of

the

Inquisition

in 1478

,

which

meant to ensure orthodoxy

of the Catholic faith

Laws were passed ordering Jews (in 1492) and Muslims

(in 1500)

TERRITORIAL

AND RELIGIOUS UNITY

Isabella of Spain: Crusader

Queen (6:28)Slide5

1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN

T

he

Catholic Monarchs established

the modern state and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. This was

achieved

throuug

a

number

of measures:They imposed their authority reducing the power of nobles and other

groups

They controlled the possesions of the military ordersThey reduced the autonomy of towns and cities by

appointing corregidores to represent them

The Cortes were summoned as little as possible

THE POWER OF THE MONARCHY

They

improved

the

administration

of

the

state

by

creating

councils

made

up of

jurists

.

Courts

of

justice

were stablished that created the Santa Hermandad and modernised the army organising it into tercios.

They had a

common foreign policy. By

supporting

each

other

Aragón

recovered

Naples

,

Sicily

,

the

Rousillon

and

Cerdanya

from

France;

while

Casilla

gained

territories

in

Africa

(Melilla, Oran,

Algiers

and

Tripoli

) and

continued

Atlantic

expansion

:

Canary

I. and

America

(1492)Slide6

1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN

Which

Iberian

territories were joined to Castilla and Aragón

during

the

kingdoms

of the Catholic Monarchs?Which territories outside the Iberian Peninsula were incorporated

into Castilla and Aragón?Slide7

2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II

INTERNAL CONFLICTS

In

the

16th

century

Charles I

(1516-1556) and

Philip II

(1556-1598) ruled over the most powerful country in Europe, with dominions all over the world. However, they

had to deal with

a number of conflicts:When Charles arrived in Spain after the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic, he

was seen as a foreigner because he could not speak

in Spanish and he left government matters to his

Flemish

councillors

. He

also

asked

for large sums of money

to help him

to finance his election as Emperor.

Carlos V, un monarca, un imperio y una espada. (50´)

Charles I,

the

revolt

of

the

Comuneros

in Castilla (1520-21) and

the

revolt

of

the

Brotherhoods in Valencia

The

first

conflict

was

caused

by

pressures

on

Muslims

to

abandon

their

religion

and

culture

.

The

revolt in Aragón broke out over the defense of the region´s fueros and traditional rights.

Philip II: the revolt of the Moriscos(1568) in Granada and the Revolt in Aragon (Antonio Pérez)Slide8

2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II

The

inheritance

of Charles I

From

his

paternal and maternal

grandparents

, Charles I inherited a large number of territories in the center of Europe and in Italy, to which he added new

conquests in America and also in EuropeSlide9

2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II

Philip II

did

not inherit his

father´s

central

European

territories (to avoid him more problems…) but he incorporated the Philippines and the Kingdom of Portugal with its

enormous empire (1580). He thus created

and empire on which, as was said at the time “the sun never sets”

The empire of Philip IISlide10

2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II

EXTERNAL

CONFLICTS

France

found

itself

surrounded

by the European domions of the Habsburgs and there was a confrontation with Francis I

over the control of the north of

Italy. The conflict continued until Philip II defeated the French at the battle of St. Quentin (1557) The Turks were a threat to

the Empire in Central Europe and in the Mediterranean, wher they

allied themselves with pirates from North Africa. The

problem

remained

until

Philip II

agreed

to

an alliance with Venice

and the Pope to form a fleet

, which defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571)The German

princes

who

had

converted

to

Lutheranism

,

demanded

autonomy from Charles I. After several wars he

recognised religious freedom in Germany (Peace of Augsburgo, 1555)Rivalry with France

The expansion of the Ottoman Empire

The

protestant

issueSlide11

2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II

EXTERNAL

CONFLICTS

The

Geman

princes

,

who

had converted to Lutheranism, demanded autonomy. In 1556 they rebelled against Philip II and in 1579 they declared

themselves independent and formed the

United Provinces; however, war with Spain continued

Felipe II (50´)

England supported the Dutch rebellion

and

the

pirate

attacks

on

Spanish ships trading with the

Americas. Philip II planned to invade the

island by sending the Spanish Armada with the added intention of returning England to Catholicism

.

The

attack

on

England

in 1588

failed

,

it

was the major defeat for the

Spanish monarchythe rebellion of the Low Countries

War with

EnglandSlide12

5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

During

the 16th century it

was the authoritarian monarchy. Charles I and Philip II exercised power diretly,

thoug

they

were

assisted royal secretaries, councils and well-organised administration.The form of government

The

army was very important due to constant

wars started by

the monarchy. They

were

organised

into

tercios

military

units

composed of specialisaed infantry, artillery and

cavalry

corps

ARMY:

TERCIOS

Governing

territories

was

achieved

through

an

association of states,

which were

ruled

over

by

the

same

monarch

but

maintained

their

own

institutions

,

lows

and

countries

VICEROYS

Tercios españoles “batalla de

Rocroi

” (1643) (5:20)Slide13

5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

THE KING

Foreign

policy

Domestic

policy

Secretaries

Councils

Centralised

administrationterritorialsectoral

Castilla, The

Indies, Aragón, Italy, Portugal,

Flanders

State

,

War

,

Public

finances

,

Crusades

,

Military orders

Municipalities

Privileged

classes

Parliament

directed

controlled

Assisted

bySlide14

5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

The

16th

century was a time of relative

economic prosperity. This permitted population growth, which reached eight

million

inhabitants

. Castilla,

with

6,1 million, was the most populous kingdom.Population growth

Its

economy went through a phase of expansion in the first

half of the 16th century, as

trade with the

Americas

brought

enormous

wealth

.

Growth

then stopped, as the profits

were

not

invested

in

improving

agriculture

or

crafts

,

but rather to finance

the imperial wars and

commercial debts

with

Europe

CASTILLIAN ECONOMY

The

economy

of

the

Crown

of Aragón

suffered

a ,

due

to

the

crisis of

Catalan

and

Valencian

tade

as a

result

of

the

transfer of

this

activity

to

the

Atlantic

Ocean

CROWN OF ARAGON ECONOMY

In

adittion

there

was

considerable in

the

prices

of

products

,

due

to

the

icrease

in

preciouls

metals

from

America

inflactionSlide15

5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY

PRIVILEGED GROUPS

NOT

PRIVILEGED

THEY WERE SUBJECT TO THE ROYAL AUTHORITY, HOWEVER THEY MAINTAINED THEIR PRIVILEGES, THEIR SOCIAL PRESTIGE AND THEIR ECONOMIC POWER

IT CONTINUED TO BE COMPOSED MAINLY OF PEASANTS

.

THERE WASN´T A REAL MIDDLE CLASS DUE TO THE ARISTOCRATIC MENTALITY THIS ESTATE ASSUMED (REJECTING COMMERCE AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES)Slide16

3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

Can

you

imagine

the reaction of the

native

people

when they saw the conquistdores for the

first time?

Captain Dale Day tells about Hernán Cortés conquest of America (9:00) Slide17

3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

M

ostly

during

the reign of Charles I (1516-1558)

E

xploration

and

conquest

of new

territories

HERNÁN CORTÉS AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE (MEXICO)

Thanks to 11 galleons and 550 soldiers and the alliance of

the Spaniards with other

tribes, rivals to

the

Aztecs

. Moctezuma

was

made

prisioner

in 1521

V

asco Núñez de Balboa (1513)

discovered

the

P

acific

O

cean

Magellan

and

Elcano

first

circumnavigated

the world (1519-1522)Slide18

3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

They

continued

with the rest of Central and South America (except

Brasil) and

the

south

of North

America (Florida, Texas and California)Other conquests

He took

advantage of the internal conflict between the king, Atahualpa, and his brother Huasca

Spanish troops

were significantly outnumbered

but

they

used

modern

weapons

and

cavalry

More than wars, disease was responsible

for

the

lack

of

itial

reaction

to

the

new conquerors (in 30 years population decreased from 32 to5 million people

)

Francisco Pizarro

conquered

the

Inca

Empire

(

now

Perú) in 1531

A

rapid

conquist

due

to

what

?

A

really

brief

and simple

description

of

what

it

was

the

Inca

Empire

(3:30)

Two

mniutes

long

video

with

some

images

of

the

Maya

empire

.

Really

simpleSlide19

3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

GOVERNING THE NEW TERRITORIES WAS THE RESPONSABILITY OF THE

COUNCIL OF INDIES

, CREATED IN 1524, WHICH CONTROLLED AFFAIRS IN THE AMERICAS

THE ADMINISTRATION WAS ORGANISED IN VICEROYALTIES, LARGE TERRITORIES CONTROLLED BY A VICEROY, WHO WAS A DIRECT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KING.

NEW SPAIN

PERU

THE GOVERNING OF THE INDIASSlide20

4.

THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

Spaniards

took to America crops from

Europe

(

wheat

,

barley, oats, vines and olives) and from Asia (coffee and sugar

) and unknown animals

there (horses, cows, pigs and paultry)The

first goal of the

European explorers was

to

obtain

gold

and

silver

, so

mining

became the main activity of

colonisers

THE ECONOMIC EXPLOTATION OF THE INDIES

MINING

Agriculture

was

practised

on

large

agrarian

properties

, the

haciendas

for

land

farming

and

the

estancias

or

ranches

for

cattle

farming

.

The

workers

were

either

Indians

or

black

slaves

AGRICULTURE

The

explotation

of

silver

mines,

especially

Zacatecas in

Mexico

and Potosí in Perú,

was

done

through

the

paid

,

but

forced

,

labour

of

the

Indians

The

American

colonies

provided

Europe

with

new

plants

(

corn

,

potatoes

,

tomatoes

,

beans

,

pepper

and

tobacco

,

cocoa

) and

animals

like

turkeys

Trade

with

the

West

Indies

was

the

monopoly

of

Castile

.

This

trade

was

organised

from

Sevilla,

where

the

House

of

Trade

(1503)

had

a

register

of

every

ship

(and

its

cargo)

leaving

and

returning

to

the

Americas

TRADE

These

products

changed

the

eating

habits

of

the

EuropeansSlide21

4.

THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS

Their

population also fell because of they

were

not

immune to the new diseases that Europeans

brought and many

were forced to work in terrible conditionsReligion was

important issue in the colonies

, as the Spaniards believed

that

it

was

their

mission

to

Christianise the natives. In this process of religious

conversion

indigenous

practices

were

suppressed

,

often

by

forceIn this

case the conquest had

mostly negative consequences

:

Their

empires

were

destroyed

They

had

to

abandon

their

tradictions

,

their

culture

and

their

economic

organisation

NATIVE PEOPLE

Americpa

financed

Spanish

hegemony

in

the

16th

century

.

M

any

Spaniards

emigrated

.

The

economy

grew

adn

prices

rose as

there

was

an

abundance

of

precious

metals

.

The

new

world

pushed

new

discoveries

in

sciences

,

such

as

cartography

,

geography

and

biology

THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONQUEST

CASTILE

RELIGIONSlide22
Slide23

QUESTIONS?

COMMENTS?

CONCERNS?