IN THE 16TH CENTURY 1 THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN CASTILE AND ARAGON A DYNASTIC UNION The Modern Age began in Spain with the reign of the Catholic Monarchs ID: 681529
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Slide1
UNIT 8
SPANISH HEGEMONY
IN THE 16TH CENTURYSlide2
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
The
Modern
Age
began
in
Spain with the reign of the Catholic Monarchs
They
took the first steps towards Sapanish hegemony, in Europe, consolidated in the 16th century by Charles I and Philip IISlide3
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
CASTILE AND ARAGON: A DYNASTIC UNION
The
marriage
between
Isabella
I of Castilla and
Ferdinand II of Aragón in 1469 was the first step towards the
union between the kingdom
of Castilla and the states integrated under the Crown of Aragón The union was made effective in 1479,
but it was only dynastic union
Each
territory
kept
their
respective
institutions, laws and monetary systems
However
, they stablished some commmon aims for both crownsSlide4
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
The
first step towards
territorial unity was incorporating Nasrid kingdom of Granada in 1492 that put an
end
to
the
peninsular conquestthe process culminated in the integration of the
kingdom of Navarra (1512)
They also prepared themselves for a future union with Potugal through marriage alliances
To
achieve religious unity the Catholic Monarchs created
the
Tribunal of
the
Inquisition
in 1478
,
which
meant to ensure orthodoxy
of the Catholic faith
Laws were passed ordering Jews (in 1492) and Muslims
(in 1500)
TERRITORIAL
AND RELIGIOUS UNITY
Isabella of Spain: Crusader
Queen (6:28)Slide5
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
T
he
Catholic Monarchs established
the modern state and authoritarian monarchy in Spain. This was
achieved
throuug
a
number
of measures:They imposed their authority reducing the power of nobles and other
groups
They controlled the possesions of the military ordersThey reduced the autonomy of towns and cities by
appointing corregidores to represent them
The Cortes were summoned as little as possible
THE POWER OF THE MONARCHY
They
improved
the
administration
of
the
state
by
creating
councils
made
up of
jurists
.
Courts
of
justice
were stablished that created the Santa Hermandad and modernised the army organising it into tercios.
They had a
common foreign policy. By
supporting
each
other
Aragón
recovered
Naples
,
Sicily
,
the
Rousillon
and
Cerdanya
from
France;
while
Casilla
gained
territories
in
Africa
(Melilla, Oran,
Algiers
and
Tripoli
) and
continued
Atlantic
expansion
:
Canary
I. and
America
(1492)Slide6
1. THE EARLY MODERN PERIOD IN SPAIN
Which
Iberian
territories were joined to Castilla and Aragón
during
the
kingdoms
of the Catholic Monarchs?Which territories outside the Iberian Peninsula were incorporated
into Castilla and Aragón?Slide7
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
INTERNAL CONFLICTS
In
the
16th
century
Charles I
(1516-1556) and
Philip II
(1556-1598) ruled over the most powerful country in Europe, with dominions all over the world. However, they
had to deal with
a number of conflicts:When Charles arrived in Spain after the death of his grandfather, Ferdinand the Catholic, he
was seen as a foreigner because he could not speak
in Spanish and he left government matters to his
Flemish
councillors
. He
also
asked
for large sums of money
to help him
to finance his election as Emperor.
Carlos V, un monarca, un imperio y una espada. (50´)
Charles I,
the
revolt
of
the
Comuneros
in Castilla (1520-21) and
the
revolt
of
the
Brotherhoods in Valencia
The
first
conflict
was
caused
by
pressures
on
Muslims
to
abandon
their
religion
and
culture
.
The
revolt in Aragón broke out over the defense of the region´s fueros and traditional rights.
Philip II: the revolt of the Moriscos(1568) in Granada and the Revolt in Aragon (Antonio Pérez)Slide8
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
The
inheritance
of Charles I
From
his
paternal and maternal
grandparents
, Charles I inherited a large number of territories in the center of Europe and in Italy, to which he added new
conquests in America and also in EuropeSlide9
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
Philip II
did
not inherit his
father´s
central
European
territories (to avoid him more problems…) but he incorporated the Philippines and the Kingdom of Portugal with its
enormous empire (1580). He thus created
and empire on which, as was said at the time “the sun never sets”
The empire of Philip IISlide10
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
EXTERNAL
CONFLICTS
France
found
itself
surrounded
by the European domions of the Habsburgs and there was a confrontation with Francis I
over the control of the north of
Italy. The conflict continued until Philip II defeated the French at the battle of St. Quentin (1557) The Turks were a threat to
the Empire in Central Europe and in the Mediterranean, wher they
allied themselves with pirates from North Africa. The
problem
remained
until
Philip II
agreed
to
an alliance with Venice
and the Pope to form a fleet
, which defeated the Turks at the Battle of Lepanto (1571)The German
princes
who
had
converted
to
Lutheranism
,
demanded
autonomy from Charles I. After several wars he
recognised religious freedom in Germany (Peace of Augsburgo, 1555)Rivalry with France
The expansion of the Ottoman Empire
The
protestant
issueSlide11
2. THE SPANISH HEGEMONY: CHARLES I AND PHILIP II
EXTERNAL
CONFLICTS
The
Geman
princes
,
who
had converted to Lutheranism, demanded autonomy. In 1556 they rebelled against Philip II and in 1579 they declared
themselves independent and formed the
United Provinces; however, war with Spain continued
Felipe II (50´)
England supported the Dutch rebellion
and
the
pirate
attacks
on
Spanish ships trading with the
Americas. Philip II planned to invade the
island by sending the Spanish Armada with the added intention of returning England to Catholicism
.
The
attack
on
England
in 1588
failed
,
it
was the major defeat for the
Spanish monarchythe rebellion of the Low Countries
War with
EnglandSlide12
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
During
the 16th century it
was the authoritarian monarchy. Charles I and Philip II exercised power diretly,
thoug
they
were
assisted royal secretaries, councils and well-organised administration.The form of government
The
army was very important due to constant
wars started by
the monarchy. They
were
organised
into
tercios
military
units
composed of specialisaed infantry, artillery and
cavalry
corps
ARMY:
TERCIOS
Governing
territories
was
achieved
through
an
association of states,
which were
ruled
over
by
the
same
monarch
but
maintained
their
own
institutions
,
lows
and
countries
VICEROYS
Tercios españoles “batalla de
Rocroi
” (1643) (5:20)Slide13
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
THE KING
Foreign
policy
Domestic
policy
Secretaries
Councils
Centralised
administrationterritorialsectoral
Castilla, The
Indies, Aragón, Italy, Portugal,
Flanders
State
,
War
,
Public
finances
,
Crusades
,
Military orders
Municipalities
Privileged
classes
Parliament
directed
controlled
Assisted
bySlide14
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
The
16th
century was a time of relative
economic prosperity. This permitted population growth, which reached eight
million
inhabitants
. Castilla,
with
6,1 million, was the most populous kingdom.Population growth
Its
economy went through a phase of expansion in the first
half of the 16th century, as
trade with the
Americas
brought
enormous
wealth
.
Growth
then stopped, as the profits
were
not
invested
in
improving
agriculture
or
crafts
,
but rather to finance
the imperial wars and
commercial debts
with
Europe
CASTILLIAN ECONOMY
The
economy
of
the
Crown
of Aragón
suffered
a ,
due
to
the
crisis of
Catalan
and
Valencian
tade
as a
result
of
the
transfer of
this
activity
to
the
Atlantic
Ocean
CROWN OF ARAGON ECONOMY
In
adittion
there
was
considerable in
the
prices
of
products
,
due
to
the
icrease
in
preciouls
metals
from
America
inflactionSlide15
5. POLITICS, ECONOMY AND SOCIETY
PRIVILEGED GROUPS
NOT
PRIVILEGED
THEY WERE SUBJECT TO THE ROYAL AUTHORITY, HOWEVER THEY MAINTAINED THEIR PRIVILEGES, THEIR SOCIAL PRESTIGE AND THEIR ECONOMIC POWER
IT CONTINUED TO BE COMPOSED MAINLY OF PEASANTS
.
THERE WASN´T A REAL MIDDLE CLASS DUE TO THE ARISTOCRATIC MENTALITY THIS ESTATE ASSUMED (REJECTING COMMERCE AND MANUAL ACTIVITIES)Slide16
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Can
you
imagine
the reaction of the
native
people
when they saw the conquistdores for the
first time?
Captain Dale Day tells about Hernán Cortés conquest of America (9:00) Slide17
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
M
ostly
during
the reign of Charles I (1516-1558)
E
xploration
and
conquest
of new
territories
HERNÁN CORTÉS AND THE CONQUEST OF THE AZTEC EMPIRE (MEXICO)
Thanks to 11 galleons and 550 soldiers and the alliance of
the Spaniards with other
tribes, rivals to
the
Aztecs
. Moctezuma
was
made
prisioner
in 1521
V
asco Núñez de Balboa (1513)
discovered
the
P
acific
O
cean
Magellan
and
Elcano
first
circumnavigated
the world (1519-1522)Slide18
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
They
continued
with the rest of Central and South America (except
Brasil) and
the
south
of North
America (Florida, Texas and California)Other conquests
He took
advantage of the internal conflict between the king, Atahualpa, and his brother Huasca
Spanish troops
were significantly outnumbered
but
they
used
modern
weapons
and
cavalry
More than wars, disease was responsible
for
the
lack
of
itial
reaction
to
the
new conquerors (in 30 years population decreased from 32 to5 million people
)
Francisco Pizarro
conquered
the
Inca
Empire
(
now
Perú) in 1531
A
rapid
conquist
due
to
…
what
?
A
really
brief
and simple
description
of
what
it
was
the
Inca
Empire
(3:30)
Two
mniutes
long
video
with
some
images
of
the
Maya
empire
.
Really
simpleSlide19
3. THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
GOVERNING THE NEW TERRITORIES WAS THE RESPONSABILITY OF THE
COUNCIL OF INDIES
, CREATED IN 1524, WHICH CONTROLLED AFFAIRS IN THE AMERICAS
THE ADMINISTRATION WAS ORGANISED IN VICEROYALTIES, LARGE TERRITORIES CONTROLLED BY A VICEROY, WHO WAS A DIRECT REPRESENTATIVE OF THE KING.
NEW SPAIN
PERU
THE GOVERNING OF THE INDIASSlide20
4.
THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Spaniards
took to America crops from
Europe
(
wheat
,
barley, oats, vines and olives) and from Asia (coffee and sugar
) and unknown animals
there (horses, cows, pigs and paultry)The
first goal of the
European explorers was
to
obtain
gold
and
silver
, so
mining
became the main activity of
colonisers
THE ECONOMIC EXPLOTATION OF THE INDIES
MINING
Agriculture
was
practised
on
large
agrarian
properties
, the
haciendas
for
land
farming
and
the
estancias
or
ranches
for
cattle
farming
.
The
workers
were
either
Indians
or
black
slaves
AGRICULTURE
The
explotation
of
silver
mines,
especially
Zacatecas in
Mexico
and Potosí in Perú,
was
done
through
the
paid
,
but
forced
,
labour
of
the
Indians
The
American
colonies
provided
Europe
with
new
plants
(
corn
,
potatoes
,
tomatoes
,
beans
,
pepper
and
tobacco
,
cocoa
) and
animals
like
turkeys
Trade
with
the
West
Indies
was
the
monopoly
of
Castile
.
This
trade
was
organised
from
Sevilla,
where
the
House
of
Trade
(1503)
had
a
register
of
every
ship
(and
its
cargo)
leaving
and
returning
to
the
Americas
TRADE
These
products
changed
the
eating
habits
of
the
EuropeansSlide21
4.
THE CONQUEST AND CONTROL OF THE AMERICAS
Their
population also fell because of they
were
not
immune to the new diseases that Europeans
brought and many
were forced to work in terrible conditionsReligion was
important issue in the colonies
, as the Spaniards believed
that
it
was
their
mission
to
Christianise the natives. In this process of religious
conversion
indigenous
practices
were
suppressed
,
often
by
forceIn this
case the conquest had
mostly negative consequences
:
Their
empires
were
destroyed
They
had
to
abandon
their
tradictions
,
their
culture
and
their
economic
organisation
NATIVE PEOPLE
Americpa
financed
Spanish
hegemony
in
the
16th
century
.
M
any
Spaniards
emigrated
.
The
economy
grew
adn
prices
rose as
there
was
an
abundance
of
precious
metals
.
The
new
world
pushed
new
discoveries
in
sciences
,
such
as
cartography
,
geography
and
biology
THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE CONQUEST
CASTILE
RELIGIONSlide22Slide23
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?
CONCERNS?