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June 14, 2016 Labour  and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions):  Comparing Rural India June 14, 2016 Labour  and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions):  Comparing Rural India

June 14, 2016 Labour and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions): Comparing Rural India - PowerPoint Presentation

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June 14, 2016 Labour and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions): Comparing Rural India - PPT Presentation

Data Collection By the India Team and Bangladesh Team ESRC DFID Grant Gender Norms see httpwwwcmistmanchesteracukresearchprojectsgendernorms Principal Investigator Wendy Olsen India PI ID: 811398

india work husband bangladesh work india bangladesh husband time rural social women

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Slide1

June 14, 2016

Labour and Marital Negotiations (and Tensions): Comparing Rural India & Bangladesh

Data Collection By the India Team and Bangladesh Team (ESRC DFID Grant, Gender Norms, seehttp://www.cmist.manchester.ac.uk/research/projects/gender-norms/)Principal Investigator: Wendy OlsenIndia PI: Amaresh DubeyIndia CO-PI: Anup K MishraIndia Field Coordinator: Santosh K SinghBangladesh Pis: Simeen Mahmud, Sohela Nazneen, and Maheen SultanAnalysts: Bidisha (Dhaka Univ Dept of Econ) and Sadiya (BRAC BIGD)

GIGA Workshop Funded by British Academy 2016

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Slide2

Further Acknowledgements & Outline

Thank you to remaining Co-PI team, Samantha Watson, Daniel Neff, Kunal Sen and Amaresh DubeyOutline: 1. Introduction and Literature

2. Location, Data, Methods3. Findings4. Conclusions in Bourdieuvian Terms2

Slide3

The circles in the far north and south of Bangladesh show our villages.

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Slide4

India Villages

3 districts of eastern Bihar and western UP, each has 3 villages. These are the lowest GDP per capita areas of both these states.2 districts of Jharkand, each has 3 villages. 36 households per village, 1 couple per household, all married couples and we also included female heads of their own households.

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Slide5

Data Collected

Interviews45 per countryOne hour longTranscribed in local languageTranslated & typed.NVIVO

SurveysTime use, household demographic roster, attitudes mixed in survey. TIME USE: Diary recall method1 day recall for the previous day in 15 minute slotsWe condensed the multinational time-use studies and Hirway’s studies in India to 40 codes5

Slide6

Vignette 1 from Bangladesh

Sufia, who is a widow. She has worked in a masked way for the local NGO, Sushila.

The work on the recall-diary day was not paid, per se, but she does actually do paid work for them too. The work on the time diary recall day was to visit people and get them to sign something. Her work for service involves a monthly payment to her. Her work as a paid employee parttime was not shown in the ‘ROLES’ part of the ROSTER.She works also with mud for road building. This outside heavy work is masked by her statement that she’s a housewife in the survey.She had long working hours, 452 minutes of various non-domestic work plus 217 minutes of domestic work on the recall day. 6

Slide7

2nd Bangla Vignette

Next we consider Shafia, who is undernourished. She does household work and ‘Prepares the land’,

meaning she works in agriculture on crops. She aspires to something different: “I wanted something better than this”.Her husband was twice her age at marriage. “He tells me that I should go to work and he will do the same.” [She is bitter here. Although this statement is an example of the ‘directive’ or ‘instructive’ voice of the masterful man, it is also a case of real failure of him as a father to support his family, in her view. This is stated implicitly in her interview.]7

Slide8

General Situation: Invisibilised Labour

Rural BangladeshPrincipal Occupation98% housewife 414/423

Subsidiary Occupation 84% self-employed and 2% salaried, 11% manual labourersBoth/Either23% housewifeTime-Use88% worked using ‘medium’ definition [standard def’n]Rural IndiaPrincipal Occupation88% housewife 444/504Subsidiary Occupation 16% housewife, 12% manual labour, 68% family workerBoth/Either52% housewife, 8% manual labourTime-Use49% worked using ‘medium’ definition [standard def’n]8

Slide9

Definitions used hereHousewife role

In roster they could state their occupations as one of 9 labour statusesPrincipal came first.Then after that declaration, they were asked what their subsidiary occupation was.

Time spent on prev. dayif crop>0|animal>0|manuf>0|trade>0|service) >0This is a tight range of activities.>0 was used here. In Bangladesh we may move to using >60 minutes threshold.9

Slide10

Time Use Figures for Men and Women in Bangladesh and India

‘Work’ is defined below as crop minutes +animal +fish +fruit +rock +build +manuf

+trade +service ‘Domestic work’ is defined below as flour +clean +wash +shop +repair +cook +chcare +teach +care 10

Slide11

Comparison of the Time-use in 2 Categories (MINUTES PER DAY)

India

BangladeshCOMMENTSWomen Round 1Crop work 40 minLivestock work 40 minutesCrop work 70 minutesLivestock work 60 minutesWomen’s work in this area is substantialMen Round 1Crop work 60 minutesLivestock work 40 minutesCrop work 160 minutesLivestock work 12 minutesWomen dominate livestock work of feeding, milking, watering the animals

Slide12

Attitudes to Work in Bangladesh: A Fundamental Dual Burden Guilt-Producting, Tension-Generating Situation

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Slide13

Summary of India discourses Summary of words in 4 interviews in India, all women, 2015

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Slide14

Summary of Bangladesh Interviews

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Slide15

Bangladesh Vignette 3 Also Illustrates Hidden Women’s Work

Afjar and his wife P live on a char. They have cow and tin roof and a boat. He speaks. ‘My wife is a housewife, she does household chores’ […later it emerges she does a huge amount of economic non-domestic work.]

Q: You said your wife helps you with your work when your son is not around?A: Yes, for example, when water collects at the base of corn stalks, I ask her to come with me. She helps me with my work for a few hours.Q: She helps you with your work outside the house, do you help her with her chores inside the house?A: Yes, I fetch firewood, or if she is cooking and she needs water, I fetch it for her. She asks for help and I always help her.[Negotiation and kind sharing of work tasks does occur]15

Slide16

India Vignette 1, Interview 23

L. Devi lives with her husband and is Hindu, but not ST or SC. She’s fifty years old. Her education level is the lowest one. They own a little land <1 hectare.She and her husband reported feeling satisfied with their life in the last six months. They have rented some land out, and in terms of egalitarian attitudes about work, she has average views, close to the social norms.

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Slide17

How we code and interpret the interviews (NVIVO is used)

NVIVO key words from L. Devi Interview.Feels forced to work.Casual labour.Government not helpful.

God is giving or not giving.What everyone thinks is desired DebtStruggle to feed childrenStruggleChildren’s comfort is importantHungerGrowing wheatIrrigationHusband worries how to pay expenses Neighbour opinion (is not important to me)Argument over water supplyWife scolds husband for not doing little tasks near house.Male breadwinner (bottomof pg 4)Men quarrel womenGov’t money was appropriated by villagersIf don’t work we don’t eatPg 7Money is coming in kindIf god wishesChild educationSari qualityPg 8If husband earns others are good to mePg 9boys don’t help from their earningstimely girl marriageprestige issue with girl marriagemnrega (tells how corrupt practice works)17

Slide18

The Suffering of A Young Woman in India: Vignette 2.

The next respondent is Pachiya Devi, who is 32 years old with a migrant husband, hence lives alone. She is a hindu and owns some land (0.5

biswas, hardly any). Her education level is the lowest one. She and her husband report being satisfied with their life in the last 6 months. Her attitudes about women working are average.Pachiya Devi is very worried about her economic situation. She worries that there are no savings and no way to prepare a dowry. She thinks she will fail to get her daughter married off. She wants to marry the daughter very soon. This eldest daughter is only 12 but it’s very much in her mind to sort this one out. [WO: I think that she struggles because in her community it’s impossible for a poor woman without a husband to accumulate any assets. This is structural. The rates paid for her work are too low. She cannot migrate either.]Her own illness due to an operation on her stomach caused her endless difficulties. She has been made to work by her own poverty. She says she wanted independence for her kids. Education is the key, she says, to get this achievement. She has some bad feelings about the fact that her husband left her. When he left her she had 3 kids already. The neighbours now seem to ‘say bad’ [criticize] about her working [outside the home]. “Had he been here then I wouldn’t have to do work [outside the home].” “I feel more bad.. he left me”. She says anyone who wants to, rebukes her. [this enablement of others to criticize her rests upon the social status ladder. In this ladder the deserted wife is of low ranking.]18

Slide19

Men’s Work Time in Rural India(North Central, April 2015)

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Slide20

Women’s Time Use in India

Women’s Economic Work by Widework (Rural North Central India) –social exclusion from paid economic work is visible on the horizontal axis.

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Slide21

Men’s Work in Rural Bangladesh

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Slide22

Women’s Work in Rural Bangladesh

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Slide23

Interpreting the Interviews

Most of women’s work is invisibilised, means making something difficult to perceive. The purdah women follow is a set of Doxa.

Doxa are laws of behaviour, or social laws. Social norms are like laws but are known to be less lawlike.It’s hard to change and give up the doxa of purdah and there are social and personal costs to changing away from the norms.Habitus is the set of social norms given to us for our behaviour, from which we draw, before we talk or act. Habitus is a social formation at a given time/place. The women’s habitus is to be helpful ….. and so is the men’s now.This men’s habitus is a new set of behaviours to be encouraged. But men still own all the assets and have nearly all the urban job opportunities.23

Slide24

Interpreting The Situation, pg 2

We construe our data as showing a low structural determination of the gender division of labour in the villages.

For public purposes, the work roles of women are invisibilised but in reality in the villages, both within the home and around the paths and fields, the women’s work is highly evident to everybody.24

Slide25

Sharp Contrasts Are Found

However Bangladesh couples had more negotiation, more sharing, and more kindness overall than in rural north Central India so far. Where suffering occurred, it was mixed in Bangladesh with supportive individuals using AGENCY to help and bolster the woman. In India some women had been treated pitilessly, we heard. In Bangladesh in the South, women’s labour is needed to supplement men’s labour in fishing.

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