Morgan Worsfold amp Paul Amyotte Dalhousie University Halifax NS Canada Manny Marta NOVA Chemicals Sarnia ON Canada Module Basics Scope Fires explosions and combustible dust hazards ID: 358648
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FIRES, EXPLOSIONS, AND COMBUSTIBLE DUST HAZARDS
Morgan Worsfold & Paul AmyotteDalhousie University, Halifax, NS, CanadaManny MartaNOVA Chemicals, Sarnia, ON, CanadaSlide2
Module Basics
ScopeFires, explosions, and combustible dust hazardsMotivationWhile these incidents and hazards are prevalent in the process industries, practitioner knowledge gaps existObjectiveAchievement of specific learning objectives by the target audience of undergraduate engineering students
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Learning Objectives
RememberingDefine combustible dustIdentify the three elements of the fire triangle and the five elements of the explosion pentagonUnderstandingExplain how gaseous, liquid and solid fuels burnDescribe the fundamentals of a dust explosion according to the explosion pentagonApplyingCalculate the airborne concentration resulting from the dispersion of a dust, given its bulk density, layer thickness and enclosure height
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Learning Objectives (Continued)
AnalyzingIdentify combustible dust hazards in a given exampleEvaluatingDetermine appropriate prevention and mitigation strategies for a specific case study and explain reasoning
CreatingFormulate a dust explosion prevention plan for a given scenario, taking into account each element of the explosion pentagon
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Module Outline
Basic Fire PrinciplesBasic Explosion PrinciplesDust Explosion FundamentalsFuelIgnition SourceOxidant
MixingConfinementDust Layer FiresPrevention and MitigationCase StudiesResourcesEvaluation5Slide6
Basic Fire Principles
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Basic Fire Principles
Basic Explosion Principles
Dust Explosion Fundamentals
Ignition Source
Fuel
Oxidant
Mixing
Confinement
Dust Layer Fires
Prevention and Mitigation
Case Studies
Resources
EvaluationSlide7
Fire triangle elements
Fire definitionsChemical reaction (combustion) in which a substance combines with an oxidant and releases energy, part of which is used to sustain the reactionProcess of combustion characterized by heat, smoke, flame or any combination thereofFuel – gas, liquid, solidOxidant – gas, liquid, solidIgnition source – many types widely found in industry
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Basic Fire PrinciplesSlide8
Flammability parameters
Flash point: FPVapour pressure: psatLower flammability limit: LFLUpper flammability limit: UFLFlammability range: LFL → UFLMinimum ignition energy: MIEAutoignition temperature: AIT
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Basic Fire PrinciplesSlide9
Fire consequences
FlameHeatSmoke9
One Side
o
f the Chevron
Richmond Refinery Fire
The Other Side
Basic Fire PrinciplesSlide10
Fire types
Pool fireJet fireFireballFlash fireDust layer fire10
Pool Fire
Jet Fire
Basic Fire PrinciplesSlide11
Fire examples
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Piper Alpha
Buncefield
Deepwater Horizon
Basic Fire PrinciplesSlide12
Basic Explosion Principles
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Basic Fire Principles
Basic Explosion Principles
Dust Explosion Fundamentals
Ignition Source
Fuel
Oxidant
Mixing
Confinement
Dust Layer Fires
Prevention and Mitigation
Case Studies
Resources
EvaluationSlide13
Explosion pentagon elements
Explosion definitionRapid expansion of gases resulting in rapidly moving pressure or shock waveExpansion can be mechanical (e.g., rupture of pressurized cylinder) or result of rapid chemical reactionExplosion damage caused by pressure or shock wave that does work on its surroundingsFuel – as per fire triangleOxidant – as per fire triangle
Ignition source – as per fire triangleMixing – of fuel and oxidantConfinement – for overpressure development13
Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide14
Explosibility parameters
Maximum explosion pressure: PmaxMaximum rate of pressure rise: (dP/dt)maxVolume normalized maximum rate of pressure rise: KG for gases and KSt for dusts
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Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide15
Explosion consequences
OverpressureMissile fragments15
Heat Exchanger Rupture
Support Column Sheared Off Baseplate
Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide16
Explosion types
General categoriesPhysicalChemicalSpeed of reaction frontDeflagrationDetonation
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BLEVE
Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide17
Explosion types
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Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide18
Explosion examples
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Flixborough
Toulouse AZF
BP Texas City
Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide19
Fires ↔ explosions
The major distinction between fires and explosions is the rate of energy release. Fires release energy slowly, whereas explosions release energy rapidly.Fires can also result from explosions, and explosions can result from fires.A good example of how the energy release rate affects the consequences of an accident is a standard automobile tire. The compressed air within the tire contains energy. If the energy
is released slowly through the nozzle, the tire is harmlessly deflated. If the tire ruptures suddenly and all the energy within the compressed tire releases rapidly, the result is a dangerous explosion.19
Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide20
Domino effects
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Basic Explosion PrinciplesSlide21
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Dust Explosion Fundamentals
PlayVideo
Basic Fire Principles
Basic Explosion Principles
Dust Explosion Fundamentals
Ignition Source
Fuel
Oxidant
Mixing
Confinement
Dust Layer Fires
Prevention and Mitigation
Case Studies
Resources
Evaluation