Modernism 1 Modernism An international artistic movement Architecture arts and crafts film and literature Began in the latter part of the 19 th century Came to an end in the middle of the twentieth century ID: 762668
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Modernism 1
Modernism….. An international artistic movement Architecture, arts and crafts, film and literature Began in the latter part of the 19 th centuryCame to an end(?) in the middle of the twentieth century 2
Modernism… Falls between Realism and Postmodernism Encompasses a range of artistic movements 3
Modernization… Transformation of culture and society brought about by embracing a combination of new ways of thinking and new technology 4
Modernism….. Modernism - a reaction to modernization, a means by which a particular society canabsorb the shocks that rapid and radical change can cause 5
Modernity (and Postmodernity) refer to historical and sociological configurations Modernism (and Postmodernism) are cultural and epistemological concepts Modernism is the cultural experience of modernity 6
Modernism….. Aesthetic complement of Modernity(Change in the social sphere) Its drive for change is rooted in the disruptions to social life brought about by Modernization(change in technology) 7
Modernity - a historical period Post-traditional order marked by Change Innovation Dynamism8
Modernity consists of….. Industrialism(transformation of nature: development of the created environment) Surveillance (control of inf & social supervision)Capitalism (capital accumulation)Military power (industrialization of war) 9
Modernity – marked by….. The poverty and squalor of industrial cities Two destructive world wars Death camps The threat of global annihilation 10
The great exhibition hall, London 1851 11
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Questioning?????? History and civilization were inherently progressive Progress was always good (society – antithetical to progress) 16
Thinkers who qned the optimism Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-1860)( The World as Will and Idea )German philosopher (influenced Nietzsche)Charles Darwin (1809-1882) Evolution by natural selection(undermined religious certainty) 17
Karl Marx(1818-1883) Das Capital (1867) Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Studies on Hysteria(1895)- Primacy of the Unconscious mind in mental life 18
Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900) Henri Bergson(1859-1941)- difference between scientific clock time and the direct subjective human experience of time) 19
Beginning….. Historian William Everdell : Modernism began in the 1870s Visual Art Critic Clement Greenberg: middle of the 19th century in FranceBaudelaire (Literature), Edouard Manet(1832-1883)(Painting), Flaubert(prose fiction) 20
Everdell: Seurat’s Divisionism A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte 21
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Modern – Latin ‘modo’ – means ‘current’ or ‘of the moment’ Sudden, unexpected breaks with traditional ways of viewing and interacting with the world 23
Reaction against Victorian culture and aesthetic Stability and quietude of Victorian Era – thing of the past 24
Characteristics….. Experimentation Individualism Central preoccupation: Inner Self and Consciousness 25
The Modernist does not care for Nature, Being or the overarching structures of History He/She does not see progress and growth, but decay and a growing alienation of the individual 26
Beginning of the distinction between “ high”art and “low” art Educational reforms of the Victorian Age Greater demand for literature 27
Press – supplied the demand Sophisticated literati scorned the new popular literature ‘Real’ artists found themselves in a state of alienation from the mainstream society 28
All truths became relative, and in a state of flux No guiding spirit rules the events of the world Absolute destruction was kept in check by only the tiniest of margins 29
A Range of artistic movements Abstractionism Avant-gardism Constructivism CubismDadaismFuturismSituationism 30
Symbolism Expressionism Imagism Surrealism Vorticism31
Imagism….. Exponent: Ezra Pound T. E. H ulme: wanted poetry to concentrate entirely upon “the thing itself”Minimalist language, Directness 32
Dreaminess, Pastoral poetry abandoned New, cold, mechanized poetics Short, unrhymed, sparse in adjectives and adverbs(avoided ornamental, verbose style of Victorian poetry) 33
Defining characteristic….. Arthur Rimbaud: Il faut etre absolument moderne! (One must be absolutely modern!)Ezra Pound: Make it new! 34
Asking the artists to jettison tradition And experiment with the possibilities inherent in every medium Regardless of the apparent senselessness or ugliness of the outcome 35
Gertrude stein….. Duty of the work of art to strive for ugliness Only in that way it could be truly new Beauty- a lingering trace of past traditions 36
T. S. eliot….. Intellectual, allusive, ironic mode of poetry Looked backwards for inspiration, but not nostalgic or romantic about the past Poetic voice sounds very colloquial, but secondary meanings found underneath 37
The USA….. Lost Generation Gertrude Stein, Hemingway, Scott Fitzgerald Turning the mind’s eye inward, attempting to record the workings of the consciousness 38
Novel….. Unreliable narrator supplanted the omniscient, trustworthy narrator Stream of Consciousness Surveyed the inner space of the human mind 39
Experimentation….. Genre and Form Eg . The Waste Land40
Self-consciousness and irony concerning literary and social conventions Realistic fiction Freud’s ideas – Consciousness and Sexual repression 41
Classical and mythic forms refashioned or made new Allusiveness – symbolic references Self-conscious intertexuality 42
Isolation Eccentricity Pessimism Reaction against formal limits of Realism and optimism of the Victorian Era 43
Suggests Change, uncertainty and Risk Giddens: Modernism – risk culture All knowledge – open to revision 44
Literary archetype….. Faust – to make himself Dilemma of modern development Interplay of creation and destruction 45
Self – identity…… A project Identity is not fixed, but created and built on 46
An urban aesthetic….. Baudelaire’s flaneur (stroller) Walking the anonymous spaces of the modern cityExperiencing the complexity, disturbances and confusions of the streets with their shops, displays, images and variety of persons 47
New insights from Psychology and Sociology Anthropological Study of Comparative Religion Shifting Power Structures 48
Women entering workforce New city consciousness Radio, Cinema – Information technology 49
No absolute truth, only relative, provisional truths Reaction against the dominance of rational, logical, patriarchal discourse and its monopoly of power 50
No linear plots, multiple plots, unresolved endings Multiple points of view – rejection of a single, omniscient point of view Primitivism – belief, thought or behaviour of a primitive or instinctive nature 51
Exponents….. Painting: Henri Matisse, Pablo Picasso Literature: James Joyce, Gertrude Stein Dance: Isadora Duncan Music: Igor StravinskyArchitecture: Frank Lloyd Wright52