Throughfall Stemflow Evaporation Transpiration Evaporation Ocean Lake Ground water Overland flow Return flow Infiltration Redistribution Evaporation Snow pack Percolation Capillary ID: 631176
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Slide1
Precipitation
Interception
Throughfall
Stemflow
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evaporation
Ocean
Lake
Ground water
Overland
flow
Return
flow
Infiltration
Redistribution
Evaporation
Snow pack
Percolation
Capillary
rise
Depression storage
Interflow
Wetland
Plant uptake
Overland flow
Soil water
Figure 11.1
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide2
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Storm Rainfall (mm)
Water Flux (mm)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Interception (mm)
Rainfall
Throughfall
Throughfall
Stemflow
Stemflow
Interception
Interception
Full leaf
Leafless
Figure 11.2
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide3
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Jan-94
Jan-95
Jan-96
Jan-97
Jan-98
Evapotranspiration (mm per day)
0
200
400
600
800
Cumulative (mm)
Boreal Spruce
Forest
1
2
3
4
5
6
90
120
150
180
210
Day of Year
Evapotranspiration (mm per day)
0
100
200
300
400
500
Cumulative (mm)
Tropical Rainforest
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
Day of Year
Evapotranspiration (mm per day)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
Cumulative (mm)
Temperate Grassland
Figure 11.3
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide4
0.08
0.09
0.100.110.120.130.140.15Volumetric Soil Moisture-0.2-0.4-0.6-0.8-1.0-1.2-1.4-1.6-1.80.0Foliage Water Potential (MPa)Figure 11.4Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide5
Figure 11.5Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide6
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
Cumulative Infiltration, I (mm)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
Infiltration Rate,
i
(mm per second)
I (mm)
i
(mm/s)
Figure 11.6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
Cumulative Infiltration, I (mm)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
Infiltration Rate,
i
(mm per second)
I (mm)
i
(mm/s)
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide7
0.001
0.01
0.1
1
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Time (minutes)
Infiltration Rate (mm per second)
Sand
Sandy loam
Loam
Clay loam
Clay
Figure 11.7
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide8
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Runoff (mm)
CN 30
CN 40
CN 50
CN 60
CN 70
CN 80
CN 90
CN 100
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Runoff (mm)
Forest
Lawn
Pasture
Crop
Dirt road
Paved road
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Runoff (mm)
Sands (A)
Loams (B)
Clay loams (C)
Clays (D)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
24 Hour Rainfall (mm)
Runoff (mm)
Dry
Normal
Wet
Loam, normal soil water
Forest, good litter, normal soil water
Forest, good litter, loam
Figure 11.8
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide9
Impermeable Layer
Groundwater (saturated)
Capillary Fringe (saturated)
Root Zone
(wilting point to
saturation)
saturated during
rain, otherwise
depleted
Intermediate Zone
(field capacity to
saturation)
saturated during
heavy rain
WP
FC
SAT
Water Content
Transpiration
Infiltration
Evaporation
Percolation
Figure 11.9
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide10
Figure 11.10
0
2040
60
80
100
120
140
160
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Monthly Water Flux (mm)
Precipitation
AET
AET=PET
AET=PET
AET<PET
Runoff
Runoff
Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. BonanSlide11
Figure 11.11Ecological Climatology © 2008 G. Bonan