Russian Revolution From monarchy, Revolution, to Communism - PowerPoint Presentation

Russian Revolution From monarchy, Revolution, to Communism

Romanov Family Tree Romanov Family Tree

Chapter 7, Section 5: Russia: Reform and Reaction ( pg # 246-251)Focus Question: Why did Industrialization and reform come more slowly to Russia than to Western Europe? Vocabulary: colossus, Alexander II, Crimean war, emancipation, zemstvo, pogrom, refugees, Duma, Peter Stolypin

Russian Csars (1818 to 1918) Nicolas I (1796-1855) Alexander II (1818-1881) Alexander III (I845-1894) Nicolas II (1868-1918) Alexander I (1777-1825) Csar , Czar, Tsar, Tzar = Caesar or King

Geography of Russia Area: 17,025,200 square km. Around twice the size of the U.S.Climate: ranging from sub-arctic in Siberia to humid in much of European Russia. Terrain: Low hills, steppe, forest, arctic tundra, mountains….the lot! Despite its size, much of the country is either too cold or the soil is too dry for agriculture. St. Petersburg, Russia, mid-19 th Century

Many nationalities, eleven time zones, two continents

Section 7.5 Board Questions 1. What was the social structure of Russia? 2. What reforms did Alexander II make? What happened to him as a result? 3. How did Nicholas I react to his father’s death? 4. What was the official language and official religion under Nicholas I? 5. What was the effect of Bloody Sunday in St. Petersburg Russia? 19 th -Century Kiev

History/Geography of Russia I. Russia: Early 19 th-Century(1800’s) 1. From Eastern Europe to the Pacific Ocean, from the Arctic circle to Central Asia, Russia was known as a Colossus, a country with eleven (11) time zones. 2. Russia, an absolute monarchy, (no legislative body) had a rigid social system u nder developed in comparison to Western Europe. 3. Most peasants tied to the land. Many lived & died within 20 miles from where they were born. 4. If landowner sold land, oftentimes, peasants sold as well. 5. No personal rights for peasants, illiterate, low- s killed. 6. If Russian army needed soldiers, landowners hadright to pick out which peasants to be sent to army. Peasant could not refuse. Family would have a wake(funeral) for peasant as most of the time would neverreturn home. cottage industry-making wooden spoons

Crimean War (1853-1856) Countries who participated included: Great Britain, Ottoman Empire, Russia, Sardinia, France

Reforms Under the Csars II. Limited Reforms Under Csars over the Centuries 1. Small attempts of reform by Catherine the Great, Peter the Great, Nicolas I, but all attempts too few & had no real impact. 2. 1825 revolt by Russian army officers put down by Nicolas I. 3. Russia very much a backward, agrarian society, with little industry. 4. Russia loss in the Crimean War (1853-1856), over attempt to gain territory from the Ottoman Empire brought about realization that Russia was very much, a backwards country in comparison to Europe. 5. Alexander II, Csar , reformed the military, ordered basic & technical education. 6. Emancipated the serfs, giving them freedoms previously unavailable to them. 7. Allowed local government control, or zemstvo’s. 1825 Decembrist Revolt by Russian army officers who felt Csar should modernize Russia and army Nicolas I

Life of a Russian Serf

Political Assassination in Russia III. The Tug of War Between Reform and Repression 1. The Csars had the Cheka (secret police), to keep the masses in line. Long prison terms, arrests, assassination by police common. 2. Socialist (Bolsheviks), began to protest against Romanov (absolute monarchy), rule. 3. March 13, 1881, Csar Alexander II assassinated by explosion under his winter carriage. 4. As a result of assassination, reforms in Russia curtailed. 5. One language for Russia: Russian 6. One church for Russia: Russian Orthodox Church 7. Jews, Muslims, Ukranians, Georgians, others suffered under new rules 8. Pogroms, against Jews began under support of Church and government. (*note- pogroms against Jews had occurred throughout the history of Romanov rule. 9. Jews persecuted, attacked, subjecated , denied rights 10. Russian Jews began to emigrate out of Russia Assassination of Alexander II by Socialists, 1881 Alexander II

Russia Begins to Modernize (Industrialize) IV. Russia began to modernize (industrialize) 1. Alexander III and Nicolas II enacted laws allowing for the industrialization of Russia 2. Government focused on railroads to connect coal mines to factories. 3. Extended rail lines from western Europe to the Pacific coast of Russia The Orient Express

War with Japan and Bloody Sunday V. War with Japan and Bloody Sunday 1. 1904, the Russian Black Sea fleet sailed to the Pacific side of Russia (long journey… ) 2. Ambushed by Japanese navy, Russian fleet lost.

Bloody Sunday VI. Bloody Sunday 1. Russian protests against government, monarchy after military loss against Japan. 2. January 22, 1905, Sunday, masses of people marched from church to the winter palace in St. Petersburg. 3. Palace empty, people still marched, Csar NOT in town (book is wrong, did not run away). 4. Palace guard opened fire on protestors, including priests.

October Manifesto VII. October Manifesto 1. Nicolas II forced to enact reforms as protests continued throughout Russia 2. Workers (soviets) were taking over cities and factories 3. October Manifesto, issued by Nicolas II, allowed for “ freedom of person, conscience, speech, assembly, and union.” 4. Nicolas allowed for a Duma , a legislative body. “No law would go into effect without the approval of the Duma.” 5. Peter Stolypin appointed Prime Minister. He was assassinated in 1911. 6. By 1914, Russia was still an autocracy (absolute monarchy)