Donna Vandergrift Associate Professor Psychology Today Sexual Health from a different perspective It is clear that knowledge and confidence in communication empowers women to make better choices related to their sexual and ID: 554948
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Slide1
Sexual and Relationship Health
Donna Vandergrift
Associate Professor, PsychologySlide2
Today
Sexual Health from a different perspective.
It
is clear that knowledge and confidence in communication empowers women to make better choices related to their sexual and
relationship health
.
It
is my goal, then, to empower you with
knowledge
.Slide3
What is Sexual Health?
Sexual
health is a state of
physical, emotional, mental and social well-being related to sexuality
; it is not merely the absence of disease, dysfunction or infirmity. Sexual health requires a positive and respectful approach to sexuality and sexual relationships, as well as the possibility of having pleasurable and safe sexual experiences, free of coercion, discrimination and violence. For sexual health to be attained and maintained, the sexual rights of all persons must be respected, protected and fulfilled.
World
Health Organization (2002
)Slide4
What is Sexual Health?
Sexual
health is defined as an approach to sexuality founded in accurate knowledge, personal awareness, and self-acceptance
, where one’s behavior, values and emotions are congruent and integrated within a person’s wider personality structure and self-definition.
Sexual health involves an ability
to be intimate with a partner,
to communicate explicitly about sexual needs and desires
, to be sexually functional (to have desire, become aroused, and obtain sexual fulfillment),
to act intentionally and responsibly
, and to set appropriate sexual boundaries. Sexual health has a communal aspect, reflecting not only self-acceptance and respect, but also respect and appreciation for individual differences and diversity, and a feeling of belonging to and involvement in one’s sexual culture(s). Sexual health includes a sense of self-esteem, personal attractiveness and competence, as well as freedom from sexual dysfunction, sexually transmitted diseases and sexual assault/coercion. Sexual health affirms sexuality as a positive force, enhancing other dimensions of one’s life.
Robinson
et al. (2002
)Slide5
Knowledge
When trying to understand human sexuality, scientists look for evidence in many different areas.
Evolution
Chemical and Biological
Sociocultural
PsychologicalSlide6
Why do we have sex?
Procreation
Pleasure
Something Else??Slide7
Procreation
Christopher Ryan has suggested that humans and bonobos are promiscuous breeders.
Humans and bonobos have sex about a 1000x per birth. (
Other primates have sex about 10x per birth.)
Sexual behavior that cannot lead to pregnancy.
Sex after childbearing years.Slide8
Pleasure
Researchers
Cindy
Meston
and David Buss
recently asked
400 students about their reasons for engaging in sex.
237
different reasons for sex, including "I wanted to give him an STD,” "I felt sorry for him", "To punish myself", and "I lost a bet
.“
MasturbationSlide9
What else could it be?
E.O.
Wilson
suggests we
need to understand that human sexuality is first a bonding device and only secondarily
procreation.
Human
sexuality is about
maintaining
complex human connections not as much about reproduction.Slide10
Stages of a relationship
Lust,
Attraction
, and
L
ove (
Helen
Fisher,
Rutgers
University)
Research on how
human hormones regulate lust, attraction and long-term
bonding...much of it is biological.
The
conclusion?
We
have a lot less control over who we’re attracted to and who we fall in love with than we think.
Slide11
Stage 1: Desire & Lust
T
estosterone
and
Estrogen
These hormones regulate the reproductive system
but also become activated
when you find someone attractive.
(
This is why birth control pills can affect your sex drive
.)
Slide12
Stage 2: attraction
Love-Struck Zombies
Dopamine
works to control our reward and pleasure centers.
(Addiction!)
Adrenaline
makes
your heart race, your body sweat and your mouth dry up when you go on that second date.
S
erotonin
makes us
a bit OCD;
this is why we can’t think of anything but a new partner. Slide13
Stage 3: Attachment
Oxytocin
and
V
asopressin
= Commitment.
Vasopressin led to a decrease in devotion
to their mates
and in protecting
them against new suitors.
Oxytocin =
long-term bonding, devotion and a desire to protect one’s
family.
Oxytocin
also
prevents men
in monogamous relationships from being physically close with other women.Slide14
Sex and the Big ‘O’
Chemical Connection
Oxytocin
Phenylethylamine
/Dopamine
Endorphins
Adrenaline
Testosterone
Prolactin
SerotoninSlide15
Sex and the Big ‘O’
Oxytocin
During sex (but drops off quicker in men after orgasm)
Contractions
Phenylethylamine
Causes release
of
dopamine – Reward center & focus
Found in
chocolate
Endorphins
ACH & DA
Euphoria, sleepiness
Adrenaline
Heart racing
Causes refractory period in menSlide16
Sex and the Big ‘O’
Testosterone
Fuels sex drive
Rush of confidence after sex (
esp
for men)
Prolactin
Rises sharply after orgasm
Disengages the mind after sex
Serotonin
Released after orgasm
Mood enhancerSlide17
the Big ‘O’StatisticsWorld Record -
In 2009, Deanna
Webb, at the Masturbate-a-Thon
rubbed out
222
orgasms for a world record. The year before the male title came (pun totally intended) with just 31
.
48% of women have faked one….34% of men have too.
75 % of men always reach orgasm during sex, only 29 % of women report the same. 10-15% of women don’t orgasm.Slide18
the Big ‘O’StatisticsMany women are unable to climax through vaginal
intercourse (up to 80%),
instead
they need
clitoral stimulation.
75 % of men know where the clitoris is.
Only 70% of women know where it is.Slide19
the Big ‘O’StatisticsAccording
to research scientists at Indiana University, women actually experience better orgasms with age. As far as the findings go,
61% of
women ages 18 to 24 report having had an orgasm the last time they had sex, while
65% of
women in their 30s and
70% of
women in their 40s and 50s reported the same.Slide20
Sex and the Big ‘O’The G-spot is real
After
years of fumbling around, a team at the University of L’Aquila finally found it in
2008.
F
ront
side of the vagina, not far from the belly button
.
G-spot
is also right around the
crura
, or the deep part of the
clitoris.Slide21
locating the Grafenberg
spot Slide22
Sex and the Big ‘O’The A-SpotT
he
"A" stands for anterior fornix erogenous
zone.
It is believed
to increase lubrication and stimulate intense orgasmic contractions. Slide23
The female internal reproductive system (side view).Slide24
Health Benefits
Pain killer
Cure for hiccups
Boost to immune system (so does kissing)
Clears up sinuses
Happiness enhancer
Better sleep
Better memorySlide25
Emerging AdultsNational survey of unmarried 20-29 year olds, 65% of men but only 41% of women agreed that there are people they would have sex with even though they have no interest in marrying them.
In the national Clark poll, 52% of young men ages 18-29 agreed that “It is okay for two people to have sex even if they are not emotionally involved with each other”, compared to 33% of young women.
Men have a more recreational attitude towards sex, whereas young women are more likely to enjoy sex if it is in the context of an emotionally intimate relationship.Slide26
Emerging AdultsYoung adults frequently regret the decision to have sex the first time.They suggest that they failed to appreciate the possibility of pregnancy and the necessity of contraception.
Those that make the decision in a careful thoughtful manner and at a later age are much more likely to have no regrets.
Women especially state that having their first intercourse experience in a loving relationship is extremely important.
50% of women said the main reason for their first experience what love as compared to 25% of men.Slide27
Emerging AdultsAmong unmarried 18-23 year-old Americans, only 72% used any kind of contraception in their most recent experience of sexual intercourse, according to a national
study.
More
generally, only 51% say they use contraception “all the time,” whereas 37% report using it “most” or “half ” or “some of the time,” and 12% “none of the time.” In sum, half of the unmarried 18-23-year-olds who are sexually active are risking an unintended pregnancy.Slide28
Emerging AdultsThere are lots of
reasons why
don’t they use contraception more consistently
,
according to a wide range of
studies.
M
any
women have negative physical or emotional responses to
the pill’s
hormonal effects. Condoms are viewed as reducing sexual pleasure, especially by young men, and they may not be available when the mood strikes.
Sex
in emerging adulthood is more likely than adult sex to be unplanned and infrequent, and both these factors work against consistent contraceptive use.
A substantial
proportion of emerging adult sex takes place under the influence of alcohol, and that is not the best condition for taking the precautions necessary to avoid pregnancy.Slide29
Emerging AdultsUnintended pregnancies are relatively high in the United States as compared to similar countries around the world.
One key reason seems to be the distinctly American ambivalence about non-marital sex.
In other countries, the believes tend to fall into two categories…strongly prohibitory or acceptance as normal and healthy.
These mixed messages make communications and decisions difficult.Slide30
Pregnancy RatesSlide31
Pregnancy Rates
One-third
of all unintended pregnancies are to young women in their twenties. Eighty-six percent of pregnancies among unmarried women in their twenties are unplanned.
Women in their twenties account for 57 percent of abortions in the U.S and have the highest abortion rates of any age group - 29.4 abortions per 1,000 women aged 20--24 years and 21.4 abortions per 1,000 women aged 25--29 years.
Unintended pregnancy among young women in their twenties affects women of all races, education levels, and income levels.Slide32
Fertilization
1
5
28
14
Egg is viable for
24 hours
Sperm is viable for
3 to 5 days
“Unsafe period” is
from
day 9 to 15
if
ovulation occurs on day 14
day 7 to 17 could be unsafeSlide33Slide34
FertilizationSlide35
Contraception
Hormone Contraception
Synthetic Estrogen:
Stop
the pituitary gland from producing follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in order to prevent ovulation.
Support the uterine lining (endometrium) to prevent breakthrough bleeding mid-cycle.
S
ynthetic Progestin:
Stop the pituitary gland from producing LH in order to prevent egg release.
Make the uterine lining inhospitable to a fertilized egg.
Partially limit the sperm's ability to fertilize the egg.
Thicken the cervical mucus to hinder sperm
movement.Slide36
Contraception
Types of Hormone Contraception
T
he
combination pill which contains estrogen and progestin
T
he
progestin-only pill (known as the
minipill
)
Combo
pills are significantly more effective than progestin-only pills and have the added benefit of less breakthrough bleeding. However, some women cannot tolerate estrogen and prefer the progestin-only pill.
The
combination formula is also available as a patch and a vaginal ring.
The
progestin-only formula is also available in intramuscular
shots,
an
implant,
and in intrauterine
devices
.Slide37
Contraception
Other TypesSlide38
Healthy Sexuality
Wendy
Maltz
developed the CERTS model for healthy
sex.
CONSENT
EQUALITY
RESPECT
TRUST
SAFETYSlide39
Healthy Sexuality
Practice good
communication
Strengthen trust
Develop your own sexual identity
Learn about sex and sexuality
Slide40
Questions?Slide41
The female internal reproductive system (front view).Slide42