Technology in Medicine Diagnosis - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Technology in MedicineSlide2

DiagnosisSlide3

Self-diagnosisSlide4

Dangers of self-diagnosis

You do not know

know the subtleties that diagnosis

constitutesTrained Vs Un-TrainedLack of objectivitySlide5

Pill Cam

Capsule endoscopy is a way to record images of the digestive tract for use in medicine. Slide6

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AlQN3c04mu0Slide7

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXsUEuhSfq0Slide8

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging is a medical diagnostic technique that creates images of the human body using the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance.

On

July 3, 1977, nearly five hours after the start of the first MRI test, the first human scan was made as the first MRI prototype.Functional MRI or functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) is a type of specialized MRI scan. Slide9

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cwda7YWK0WQSlide10

Nano-Tech

Imagine present-day

nanoscale

manufacturing techniques leading to bacteria-sized mechanizations that could tell one cell from another by touch, repair DNA within a cell, and even be directed by computers to complete multiple missions in the same body.Slide11

Personalized Medicine

Today, it takes computer 4 weeks to sequence human genome.

IBM

and Roche are working together to decode DNA more quickly and cheaply, potentially allowing patients to receive customized prescription drugs.Personalized medication can eliminate some adverse side effects of current drugs. Some preliminary cancer drugs based on the DNA Transistor technology have already reached the market.Slide12
Slide13

Diagnose cancer in 15 minutes

Nanotechnology breath analyzer for kidney failure developed by a team in Israel that uses networks of carbon nanotubes.

More than 1

5% of all diagnosed cancer is lung cancer.Israeli researchers have now demonstrated that an array nanoparticles

in combination with pattern recognition methods can distinguish between the breath of lung cancer patients and healthy controls. This sensor may have the potential to form the basis of an inexpensive, non-invasive diagnostic tool for lung cancersSlide14

Smaller is better

Nanoparticles may help researchers overcome obstacles in gene therapy, which seeks to treat genetically inherited diseases like cystic fibrosis by implanting healthy genes to do the work of damaged ones.

Nanoparticles may also be used to deliver heat to cancer cells to kill them. Slide15

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyOEZZ3ePjESlide16

Dangers of nanotech

Individual experiments have indicated that if you develop materials with a nanostructure, they do behave differently in the body and in the environment

.Slide17

Treatment Slide18

Nanocomposite Contact Lens

Developed by Professor Jin Zhang at the University of Ontario

The new device is made by embedding nanoparticles into standard

hydrogel lensesBabak Parviz at the University of Washington Slide19

How it Works?

These

particles react with glucose in the tears and change color. 

could alert diabetics to dangerous sugar levels without the need for regular blood testsSlide20

The Skin Gun

D

eveloped

by Professor Joerg C. Gerlach and colleages of the Department of Surgery at the University of Pittsburg’s McGowan Institute for Regenerative

MedicineUntil now burns have usually been treated with skin graftsThe grafts can take several weeks or even months to healSlide21

How it works?

the new method uses an electronically controlled pneumatic device that does not injure the

cells

a biopsy is taken from the patient’s undamaged skin and then healthy stem cells are isolated an aqueous solution containing the cells is sprayed on the burn.

After treatment the wound heals in just days, when it would have taken weeks to heal using traditional treatments.Slide22

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXO_ApjKPaISlide23

Simplified Automotive Ventilator (SAVE)

 is designed to be quickly deployed in a pre-hospital environment by a BLS or ALS provider, a medic or any first responder with limited training

.

It is lightweight, rugged, hands-free, and contains a number of alarms and safety features not found in similarly priced devices.Slide24

How it works?

The ventilator is completely self-contained, weighs only 3 pounds and does not require a compressed gas

source

It can be used with a mask or a secure airway.  The SAVe

will deliver ambient air for up to 5.5 hours on a single battery chargeSlide25
Slide26
Slide27

Davinci Surgery

designed to facilitate complex 

surgery using a minimally invasive

 approachThe Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has cleared the D

a Vinci Surgical System in 2000 for adult and pediatric use in urologic surgical procedureshttp://www.davincisurgery.com/Slide28

How it works?

Consists

of a surgeon’s console that is typically in the same room as the patient and a patient-side cart with four interactive robotic arms controlled from the console.

 the surgeon uses the console’s master controls to maneuver the patient-side cart’s three or four robotic arms (depending on the model), which secures the instruments and a high-resolution endoscopic cameraSlide29

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EiVY-htgRUYSlide30

Trauma Pod

under a DARPA Defense Sciences Office

Initiative

 will allow the military to provide medical care in any battlefield situation and to deliver the type of care that is equivalent to that available in the best hospital emergency care units.Slide31

Future of Trauma Pod

 When fully developed, the Trauma Pod will not require human medical personnel on-site to conduct the surgery, and will be small enough to be carried by a medical ground or air vehicle

.

A human surgeon will conduct all the required surgical procedures from a remote location using a system of surgical manipulators.Slide32

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FPJxSwl7v8kSlide33

Medical Devices and Improved LivingSlide34

How Can We Improve the Living of the Blind?

Provide instruments that are audible, rather than visual.

Utilize technology that can allow the blind to see, such as the bionic eye.

This is a variation of the bionic eye and the fight against blindness:Slide35

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BMnBw-sH05YSlide36

The Bionic Eye

Argus II Retinal Prosthesis System can provide sight

Aids the blind who have suffered from macular degeneration and retinitis

pigmentosaThese diseases damage the photoreceptors in the eyeSlide37

Parts of the Bionic Eye

A digital camera that's built into a pair of glasses.

A video-processing microchip that's built into a handheld unit.

A radio transmitter that wirelessly transmits pulses to a receiver implanted above the ear or under the eye

A radio receiver that sends pulses to the retinal implant by a hair-thin implanted wire A retinal implant with an array of 60 electrodes on a chip measuring 1 mm by 1 mm Slide38

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZyVjK7sktvwSlide39

Limitations of the Bionic Eye

Thus far, the bionic eye can only treat some diseases.

It has not enabled all the blind to see, only a select few

Not widely distributed to the publicHigh cost- typically around $30,000Slide40

Prosthetics in History

Prosthetics were pioneered by the Egyptians

Use was more aesthetic than medical

Prosthetics made out of wood and iron

Functional prosthetics began to make an appearance in the 1500s.Slide41

Prosthetics Today

Significant advances in comparison to ancient times

Artificial limbs are stronger, lighter, and limits the extra energy to operate the limbs

Materials used today are plastic, carbon fiber, Kevlar, nylon, Titanium-alloy, electronicsThe use of body-powered arms,

myoelectric prosthesis, robotic limbs, and even mind-controlled prostheticsSlide42

Prosthetic Arm

DARPA’s mind-controlled robotic arm was developed at a cost over $100 million by DARPA and Johns Hopkins University.

It is controlled by a microchip in the brain

The microchip records neuron activity and decodes the signals to activate motor neurons that control the prosthetic

Functions as a regular arm, with the ability to bend, rotate, and twist in 27 different ways.Designed to restore almost complete hand and finger functionSlide43

Sensitive Synthetic Skin for Prosthetic Arms

Researchers have created a material by combining carbon

nanotubes

that has the appearance of human skin and together with the prosthetic arm, will feel and function like human skin.

This synthetic skin could lead to next-generation prosthetic arms where the users can feel a light touch, shake hands, cook, and type naturally because the arm will send signals to the brain.Slide44

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjzA9b9T3d8Slide45

Monitoring Medical Devices

Artificial Heart

Pacemakers

Insulin PumpsSlide46

Artificial Heart

On July 2, 2001, surgeons at Jewish Hospital in Louisville, Kentucky performed the first artificial heart transplant.

The

AbioCor Implantable Replacement Heart is the first completely self-contained artificial heart and is expected to at least double the life expectancy of heart patients.Slide47

Advantages of the Artificial Heart

Readily available and there is no need for immunosuppressive drugs

Able to prolong life until a heart transplant

Restores hemodynamic stability, raising blood pressure and helping vital organs recover in preparation for a heart transplantSlide48

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gv9xB9HQswwSlide49

Disadvantages of the Artificial Heart

Risk that the heart will wear out, infection, and the need to take blood thinners to prevent clotting

Not all patients have the body size that allows the device to fit inside the chest cavity

Some people may reject the artificial heart and recognize it as foreignInadequate pumping mechanismSlide50

World’s Longest Living Artificial Heart Patient

Peter Houghton became the longest surviving artificial heart patient after receiving the thumb-sized pump at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford in June 2000.

He was given weeks to live with the artificial heart, but ended up living 7 years later.

He died of multiple organ malfunction at age 68.Slide51

Pacemakers

Medical device that uses electrical impulses, delivered by electrodes contacting the heart muscles, to regulate the beating of the heart.

Improved the lives of those suffering from arrhythmias

In February 2011, the FDA approved a pacemaker that is now MRI-safe; there are many limitations to its use including patient qualifications, body parts, and scan settings.Slide52

Ethical Side of Using Pacemakers

According to a consensus statement by the Heart Rhythm Society, it is legal and ethical to honor requests by patients, or by those with legal authority to make decisions for patients, to deactivate implanted cardiac devices. (How do you feel about the right to die clause?)

Privacy and security concerns have been raised about pacemakers allowing for wireless communication.

Unauthorized third parties may be able to read patient records contained in the pacemaker, or reprogram the devices.Slide53

Insulin Pumps

Tandem Diabetes Care has developed a newer “

iPhone

-like” insulin pump called the t:slimThe pump has a touch screen and allows the user to manipulate the settings, administer boluses by interacting with menus and objects, set

basals, and access keypadsPaul DiPerna of Tandem Diabetes Care developed and patented a method of infusion that could allow for much tighter control and monitoring of the amount of fluid leaving the pump.Slide54

Advantages of t:slim

The software reflects the company’s focus on user experience and an awareness of human factors.

This type of insulin pump would increase preciseness and consistency with the pumping of insulin when needed.Slide55

Disadvantages of t:slim

Cost of the device if it passes clinical trials and gets onto the market

Digital Divide could lead to people misusing the device and lead to health complications