TOLERANCES Tolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary in positive or negative side It is the difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension ID: 1027168
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1. UNIT IISYSTEM OF LIMITS, FITS, TOLERANCES AND GAUGING
2. TOLERANCESTolerance is the total amount that a specific dimension is permitted to vary in positive or negative sideIt is the difference between the maximum and the minimum limits for the dimension. Due to the inevitable inaccuracy of manufacturing methods, a part cannot be made precisely to a given dimension. So tolerance is a mandatory thing in designing process of a component.TYPES OF TOLERANCESUnilateral tolerancesBilateral tolerances
3. UNILATERAL TOLERANCESBILATERAL TOLERANCESHaving variations in only one directions either upper or lowerLimits are for only the larger or smaller sizesHaving variations in both the upper and lower directionsThe plus and minus limitations combine to form a single value.
4. ACCUMALATION TOLERANCESTolerances are getting accumulated in each step of the componentsSo, the total tolerance is the sum of the individual tolerance of each component.COMPOUND TOLERANCESTolerance of one dimension of the component is dependent on the tolerance of the other dimension.That, if tolerance of one component increases the tolerance of the other increases or decreases.
5. TERMS RELATED TO METRIC LIMITS & FITS
6. Basic Size is the size from which limits or deviations are assigned. Basic sizes, usually diameters, should be selected from a table of preferred sizes.Nominal size is a dimension used to describe the general sizeActual size is the measured size of the finished part after machining Limits is the max and min sizes shown by the toleranced dimension Allowance is the min clearance or maximum interference between parts, or the tightest fit between two mating parts Deviation: is the difference between the basic size and the hole or shaft size. Upper Deviation: is the difference between the basic size and the permitted maximum size of the part. Lower Deviation: is the difference between the basic size and the minimum permitted size of the part. Fundamental Deviation: is the deviation closest to the basic size. Tolerance: is the difference between the permitted minimum and maximum sizes of a part.
7. INTERNATIONAL TOLERANCE GRADE (IT): They are a set of tolerances that varies according to the basic size and provides a uniform level of accuracy within the grade.
8. E.S. – upper deviationE.I. – lower deviationSCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF THE PLACEMENT OF THE TOLERANCE INTERVALH : lower deviation of hole is zeroh : upper deviation of shaft is zeroFormula for Fundamental deviation will be given separately
9. DEFINITION OF FITSFit is the general term used to signify the range of tightness or looseness that may result from the application of a specific combination of allowances and tolerances in mating parts.TYPES OF FITCLEARANCE FIT: an internal member fits in an external member (as a shaft in a hole) and always leaves a space or clearance between the parts.Minimum air space is 0.002”. This is the allowance and is always positive in a clearance fit
10. INTERFERENCE FIT: The internal member is larger than the external member such that there is always an actual interference of material. The smallest shaft is 1.2513” and the largest hole is 1.2506”, so that there is an actual interference of metal amounting to at least 0.0007”. Under maximum material conditions the interference would be 0.0019”. This interference is the allowance, and in an interference fit it is always negative.TRANSITION FIT: may result in either a clearance or interference condition. In the figure below, the smallest shaft 1.2503” will fit in the largest hole 1.2506”, with 0.003” to spare. But the largest shaft, 1.2509” will have to be forced into the smallest hole, 1.2500” with an interference of metal of 0.009”.
11. SYSTEM OF FITSBASIC SHAFT SYSTEM the largest diameter of the shaft is assigned the basic diameter from which all tolerances are applied.The fundamental deviation is given by the lowercase letter h.BASIC HOLE SYSTEM the smallest hole is assigned the basic diameter from which the tolerance and allowance are applied. (more popular than the basic shaft system because of ease to control the hole size)For the generally preferred hole-basis system, the fundamental deviation is specified by the upper-case letter H.
12. PLAIN GAUGESPLAIN PLUG GAUGESUsed for checking inside diameter of straight hole (generally "go" and "no-go" variety)Consists of handle and plug on each end ground and/or lapped to specific sizeSmall-diameter plug ("go" gage) checks lower limit of holeLarger-diameter plug (“no-go” gage) checks upper limitUsed to check outside diameter of piecesGround and lapped internally to desired sizeSize stamped on side of gageOutside diameter knurled and "no-go" end identified by annular groove on knurled surfacePrecautions and procedures similar to those outlined for a plug gagePLAIN RING GAGES
13. SNAP GAGESOne of most common types of comparative measuring instrumentsFaster to use than micrometersLimited in their applicationUsed to check diameters within certain limits by comparing part size to preset dimension of snap gageHave C-shaped frame with adjustable gaging anvils or rolls set to "go" and "no-go" limits of the part
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