Unit 1 The Heirs of War After WWII the US was only major power whose territory had not been destroyed by war produced more than ½ industrial and agriculture output had vast reserves of oil ID: 595190
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Slide1
After World War II – 1945 to now
Unit 1 – The Heirs of WarSlide2
After WWII, the US:
was only major power whose territory had not been destroyed by war
produced more than ½ industrial and agriculture output
had vast reserves of oil
had the atomic bomb
had replaced Europe as leader of industrialized worldSlide3
The Soviet Union
had lost an estimated 20 million citizens
was the largest land mass in the world
held vast resources
occupied Eastern European countries that provided technical and industrial expertiseSlide4
Other countries
The economies in Western Europe were devastated
Japan was in ruins; its territories occupied
China was in the middle of a Civil War
India was struggling for independence from Britain
Africa and South East Asia were only in the early stages of development
Latin America was mostly under military dictatorshipSlide5
World War II Images
Images used are all from Bing Images, retrieved October 18, 2010Slide6
West vs
East
Free market economies (West)
vs
centrally planned economies (East)
Multi-party democracies (West)
vs
single party states (East)Slide7
Different Types of Economies
Pure command or centrally planned economies
Pure (Free) market economies
Decisions made by centralized authority
Publically owned
Production determined by government
Market is controlled by government
Full employment is guaranteed.
Restricted choice in jobs and training
All workers belong to state-run unions
Decisions made by individuals
Privately owned
Production determined by consumer demand
Market is competitive and free from government
Employment rises and falls with business cycle.
Free choice in jobs and training
Labour viewed as market commodity – no unionsSlide8
Origins of the West-East Conflict
1917 Russian Revolution – the beginning of the “Red Scare” in the West
1933 US President Franklin
Roosevelt
extended diplomatic recognition to the USSR
Throughout 30’s relationship was cool
1939 USSR signed a secret “non-aggressive” pact with Germany
West-East relations once again strained
But
in 1941 Germany attacked USSR and declared war on the US
Therefore – US, Great Britain and USSR signed “Grand Alliance” against Germany
Relationship was cool during war but collapsed after war
The “Cold War” beganSlide9
US and British Perspectives
Winston Churchill
coined phrase
“iron curtain”
While US reduced military after WWII, the USSR maintained forces in Hungary, Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia
US feared a communist takeover from Eastern Europe into Western
1946 – fears heightened when Russian spies arrested in Canada for nuclear espionage – Igor
Gouzenko
The
Gouzenko
Affair | CBC Archives
Canada was now part of the “Cold War”Slide10
1947 Communist government imposed in Hungary
Coup brought Communist government to
Czechoslovaki
USSR also pressuring Turkey to give up control on waterway between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
Truman Doctrine
departed from US’s policy of peacetime isolationism to one of intervention
Doctrine promoted “containment” of communismSlide11
The Soviet Perspective
Resented US delaying entry into WWII
US terminated steady military supply shipments to USSR (Lend Lease Act of 1941)
USSR felt Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb on Japan was deliberate intimidation
Stalin
refused to accept Marshall Plan aid package
Planned to establish “parallel market” with Eastern Europe and ChinaSlide12
Nuclear Arms Race
After WWII, US had monopoly on nuclear weapons
1949 USSR developed an atomic bomb (Nuclear fission)
1953 US detonated first hydrogen bomb (Nuclear fusion)
Within a year USSR had hydrogen bomb
Both countries developing efficient systems for delivering bombs to targets
US dominant throughout 50s Slide13
In 1957 the USSR developed ICMB (Inter-continental Ballistic Missile)
The US followed
By 1970 each superpower had enough missiles to create massive worldwide destruction
Nuclear Club was growing to include:
Britain
France
ChinaSlide14
By 1990 estimated that another 5 nations had nuclear weapons and as many as 20 more had technology to develop them
Nuclear Weapons: Who Has What at a Glance | Arms Control Association
1963 – Partial Test Ban Treaty signed by 108 nations
1968 – Non-Proliferation Treaty – signed by 115 nations promising non-transfer of weapons or technologySlide15
Detente
The Hot Line Agreement of 1963 (after
Cuban Missile Crisis) demonstrated
improvement in relations between the super powers
Lasted 20 years
MAD (Mutually Assured Destruction) – superpowers recognized need for balanceSlide16
Conflicts Continued despite Detente
USSR backed North Korea and the Chinese
vs
US (Korean War 1950-53)
USSR armed North Vietnamese during Vietnam War (1965-72)
US armed Mujahedeen Rebels
vs
USSR in Afghanistan (1979-1987)
Both sides provide arms in Middle Eastern conflictsSlide17
Dissent in the West
Media stereotyped Soviets as villains
Beginning in late 1940s, people were scrutinized as communist sympathizers
1950 Julius and Ethel Rosenberg found guilty of spying and executed
“Beat Generation” challenged US life
Strong movement against arms race – “Ban the Bomb” rallies
1960s
– the “Beat Generation” became the “Hippie Generation”
Ban the Bomb became “make love not war”
Main concerns –
poverty and civil rights
1970s – feminist movementSlide18
Dissent in the USSR
When Stalin died in 1953 more than 8 million people were in Soviet prisons
After his death, relaxation of state controls under leader, Nikita Khrushchev
However, by 1960, he had tightened controls – dissidents exiled or incarcerated in mental hospitals
Soviet youth copied western style – called
stiliagi
(style boys) – source of friction
USSR refused to publish critical writings – Samizdat
authors became famous outside of USSR
Authors imprisoned, exiled or ridiculed in USSR – Pasternak (
Dr.
Zhivago
)
; Solzhenitsyn (A Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich)
Andrey
Sakharov, a nuclear physicist critical of atmospheric nuclear testing was internally exiledSlide19
Dissent in Canada
Canada also had protests and its own civil unrest in 60s and 70s
The FLQ
Culminated in
October Crisis
Pierre Trudeau – “Just watch me!”Slide20
Dissent brings change
Ronald
Regan
US President 1980 talked defensive military strategy suggested an end to détente
But Mikhail
Gorbachev
, president of USSR bringing about change
Perestroka
(economic restructuring)
Glasnost (openness)
By 1990 relationships between superpowers mellowed – i.e. supported sanctions
vs
Iraq for invading KuwaitSlide21
West vs
East ends
1956 USSR crushed Hungarian uprising
1968 – “Prague Spring” uprising in Czechoslovakia also crushed by USSR
Poland had strong “Solidarity” movement against USSR
1989 – people took to streets to demand free elections
Communist party was replaced in Poland by Solidarity party
Other Communist leaderships failed
1989 -
The Berlin Wall crumbles
1990, East and West Germany united
1991 – military coup aimed at restoring communist control failed and the USSR collapsed
Confederation of Independent States formedSlide22
Assignment
Compare the two poems
Buffy Sainte-Marie
’s The Universal Solider and Manifesto of Man by
Yury
Galanskov
. (See handout)
Sainte-Marie a Canadian Cree, became a popular anti-war protestor and entertainer
Yury
Galanskov
died in a prison labour camp. Your task: 1. Briefly describe the meaning of each poem. Make sure you use lines from the poems to illustrate your points.
2. Then discuss how the differences in the poems and the poets’ lives reflect the nature of dissidence in North America and the Soviet Union. This will count as a pairing (Communications – Unit 2 and a History Assignment for Module 1 or 2)Slide23
References
The 60s.
You Tube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5pnonuZc-M&feature=related
, retrieved Oct. 24, 2010.
FLQ backgrounder.
The CBC Digital Archives Website
.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Sept. 23, 2008. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.]
Just watch me.
The CBC Digital Archives Website.
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Oct. 8, 2010. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.]British diplomat kidnapped.
The CBC Digital Archives Website
. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Last updated: Dec. 4, 2008. [Page consulted on Oct. 24, 2010.]
Moments in History. The Fall of the Berlin Wall.
You Tube
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MM2qq5J5A1s&feature=related
. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
Buffy Sainte Marie – The Universal Soldier.
You Tube.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VGWsGyNsw00
. retrieved October 24, 2010.
Google Images