History Before Apartheid 1500 years ago Bantu migration south 1600s 1 st Europeans Dutch East Indies Companysettle in Cape Town became known as Afrikaners af rih KAHN ID: 459154
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Apartheid: racial segregation in south africaSlide2
History Before Apartheid
1,500 years ago: Bantu migration south 1600’s: 1st Europeans (Dutch East Indies Company-settle in Cape Town) became known as Afrikaners (af-rih-KAHN-erz), spoke AfrikaanOthers came: British, French, GermansBlack South Africans battle with whites1800’s: White settlers forced Black Africans off the best land. Slide3
History Before Apartheid
British and Afrikaners fought for control of Cape Town.
British won and outlawed slavery in 1833, but still segregated blacks and whites.Afrikaners moved north and founded the Transvaal and Orange Free States (called Voortrekkers)Gold and Diamonds were discovered and British push Boers off their farms (Boer Wars 1899-1902). The British took control of South Africa1910: The Union of South Africa - all colonies unitedSlide4
Union of Africa Under the British
Natives Act Land of 1913: Blacks could only live in 8% of the country. The rest belonged to whites. Blacks could work in white areas for very low wages Blacks could not own land in white areas 1920:
law passed separating black and white workers.
H
ighest paying and best jobs went to Whites.Slide5
Apartheid: 1948
1948: An Afrikaner political party (Nationalist Party) won the election and took over the country. They added new laws to white power determining where others might live, go to school, and what jobs they may hold. These laws were called
Apartheid laws. Slide6
Laws under Apartheid
1. Blacks (71% of the population) were denied citizenship (could not vote).
2. Access to public facilities were denied/separated (libraries, restrooms, water fountains, etc.) Whites (16%) had all rights, mixed race (10%) some rights, and Asians (3%) had few rights.3. Separate homelands were set up: located up to three hours away from major cities) according to the record of their origin.4. Non-whites were required to register (Population Registration Act) and carry “pass books” containing fingerprints, photo and information on access to non-black areas5. Blacks lost citizenship in South Africa and were citizens in homelands. They needed passports to enter South Africa (aliens in their own country)Slide7
Differences Under Apartheid
Apartheid and the People of South Africa CategoryBlacksWhitesPopulation
19 million
4.5 million
Share of National Income
13 percent
87 percent
Ratio of average earnings
1
14
Minimum taxable income (1976)
360
rands
$432 US
750
rands
$900 US
Doctors/population1/44,0001/400Infant mortality rate20% urban40% rural2.7% Annual expenditure on education per pupil$45$696Teacher/pupil ratio1/601/22Slide8
Response to Apartheid
1950’s and 60’s: peaceful protests
1953: Public Safety Act 1960’s: African National Congress (ANC) was established, and outlawed by the government 1960: Sharpeville Massacre (69 killed) 1962: Nelson Mandela, former ANC member was arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment.Slide9
Response to Apartheid
1970’s: protests grew in force – other countries joined the fight
1974: South Africa expelled from United Nations: 1. Economic sanctions imposed: closing of multinational corporate activity in South Africa, trade and aid restriction, embargo on products made in South Africa 2. Athletes were banned from the Olympic Games and other international sports events for 21 years – until 1991 Slide10
The End of Apartheid
1990’s: weak economy and continuing protests
President F. W. de Klerks passed legislation that tore down apartheid systemApril 1994 (over 20 yrs ago): South African Blacks were allowed to vote for first time for their new government ending Apartheid. Nelson Mandela, a black man, was elected PresidentSlide11
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission
: Created by Mandela and chaired by Archbishop Desmond Tutu
. Commission heard testimony by thousands of South Africans involved as victims or perpetrators of crimes under Apartheid. Commission decided on amnesty for those who confessed their crimes and were truthful – advocated reparations for victims, but have not yet been awarded by the government.The End of ApartheidSlide12
ANC still in power
Africa still remained a divided society Living in different neighborhoods Less paying jobs because whites controlled biggest businesses and newspapers Half of population still lives below the poverty level Political stability and international support, but still two nations: one mostly white and rich, one mostly black and poor. Massive unemployment Rising crime and highest rates of HIV in the world (20% of adult population is HIV-positive) Complete overhaul of government services, new constitution grounded in human rights, free press including newspapers, radio and television stations.Over 20 Years after Apartheid