The Founding Members European Coal and Steel Community Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950 Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris France W Germany Belgium Luxembourg The Netherlands Italy ID: 476512
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Slide1
ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNIONSlide2
The Founding Members
European Coal and Steel Community
Proposed by Schuman for peace in 1950
Formally established in 1951 by Treaty of Paris
France, W. Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Italy
Went on to sign Treaties of Rome
ECSC
EURATOM
EECSlide3Slide4
Came to be known as EC
EFTA (Outer seven): Austria, Denmark, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United KingdomUK changed policy on joining on EC
Issued for accession in 1961
“
Non
”
to
the
UK a
ccession
by French President de Gaulle
(1963
and
1967)
Due to fear of US influenceSlide5
1973 -
First Enlargement
Accession of UK, Denmark, Ireland, Norway
UK
French President de Gaulle no longer in office so UK no longer has barriers for entry
Colonies – the question of Gibraltar
Norway
Question put to referendum –
rejecte
d
Still adopts policies –
Schengen
, Europol etc
Contributes to budget, member of EEASlide6Slide7
1981
and
1986
Mediterranean
Enlargements
Democracy returns to Greece, Spain and Portugal
Greece joins in 1981
Spain and Portugal in 1986
1985 – Greenland leaves the EC
1987 – Turkey and Morocco apply
Morocco not seen as European
Turkey’s accepted, only received candidate status in 2000, negotiations started in 2004Slide8
1981
and
1986
Mediterranean
Enlargements
With the accession of the countries in 1981 and 1986:
Population increased by 10%
The area of the EU members increased by 20%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.8%
But the GDP per capita fell by 3.42%Slide9Slide10
Fourth
Enlargement
- EU-15
Prior to enlargement of
19
95,
East+West
Germany reunified in 1990
East Germany part of EC, under “Germany”
EC becomes EU in 1993 - Maastricht
Accession of Austria, Finland, Sweden
Copenhagen criteria established due to candidacy of numerous post-communist countries
Democracy / free market / adoption of EU LawSlide11
Fourth
Enlargement
- EU-15
With the accession of the countries in 1995:
Population increased by 6%
The area of the EU members increased by 35%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 6.5%
For the first and only time in any enlargement of the EC/EU, the GDP per capita increased, by 0.20%Slide12Slide13
2004:
The
Big
Bang
In 2004, 10 Eastern, mostly post communist, countries joined the EU
Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Luthuania
, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia.
Less developed states were fear of Western, more developed members
Restrictions of certain members on travel/working rights of eastern people in their countries
Denmark, Finland, AustriaSlide14
The
Fifth
Enlargement
With the accession of the countries in 2004:
Population increased by 20%, largest single expansion in terms of number of people
The area of the EU members increased by 18%, largest single increase in terms of km2
The total GDP of the member states increased only by 8.8%
It was the largest fall of GDP per capita in any enlargement. The accession of the less developed Eastern countries caused a 9% fall in GDP per capitaSlide15Slide16
Sixth Enlargement -
2007
The accession of Bulgaria and Romania
Were supposed to join in 2004
Romania
Government and judiciary reforms not completed
Bulgaria
More efforts needed in fight against corruption, human trafficking and reforming judicial sectorSlide17
Sixth Enlargement - 2007
With the accession of the countries in 2007:
Population increased by 6.5%
The area of the EU members increased by 8.5%
The total GDP of the member states increased by 2%
GDP per capita fell by 4%
Eastern
enlargement
of 2004-2007
ended
the conventional view “Europe ended where the Iron Curtain divided it” Slide18Slide19
2013:
Croatia
After Slovenia, Croatia is the second country from ex-Yugoslavia to join the EU.
The European perspective remains open to the entire Western Balkans region.Slide20
Future
Enlargement
of
the
EU
Western
Balkans
,
Turkey
and
Iceland
Two
concepts
after
the
Eastern
enlargement
:
‘
absorption capacity
’
‘
enlargement
fatigue
’Slide21Slide22
State
Status
Association
Agreement
Membership
Application
Candidate
status
Negotiations
start
Screening
completed
Acquis Chapters
open/closed
Albania
Candidate
2009-04-01 (
SAA
)
2009-04-28
2014-06-24
–
–
–
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Potential
candidate
Signed (SAA)
–
–
–
–
–
Iceland
Negotiations
suspended
1994-01-01 (
EEA
)
2009-07-16
2010-06-17
2010-07-27
2011-06-21
27/11
Kosovo
Potential
candidate
Initialled (SAA)
–
–
–
––MacedoniaCandidate2004-04-01 (SAA)2004-03-222005-12-17–––MontenegroNegotiating2010-05-01 (SAA)2008-12-152010-12-172012-06-292013-06-2712/2SerbiaNegotiating2013-09-01 (SAA)2009-12-222012-03-012014-01-21(Started)–TurkeyNegotiating1964-12-01 (AA)1987-04-141999-12-122005-10-032006-10-1314/1Slide23Slide24
Why
Enlargement
?
According
to
the
2014
Strategy
Paper
:makes Europe a safer placehelps improve the quality of people’s livesmakes EU more prosperous
three pillars
:
rule of law
economic governance
p
ublic
administration reform.Slide25
Steps
towards
joining
When a country is ready it becomes an
official candidate
for membership
The candidate moves on to
formal membership negotiations
following
unanimous decision by the EU Council
When the negotiations and accompanying reforms have been completed to the satisfaction of both sides, the country can join the EUSlide26
Steps
towards
joining
The conditions and timing of the candidate's adoption, implementation and enforcement of all current EU rules (the
"
acquis communautaire
"
).
35
chapters
negotiated
separately
financial arrangements
transitional arrangementsSlide27
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 1: Free movement of goods
Chapter 2: Freedom of movement for workers
Chapter 3: Right of establishment and freedom to provide services
Chapter 4: Free movement of capital
Chapter 5: Public procurement
Chapter 6: Company law
Chapter 7: Intellectual property law
Chapter 8: Competition policy
Chapter 9: Financial services
Chapter 10: Information society and media
Chapter 11: Agriculture and rural development
Chapter 12: Food safety, veterinary and phytosanitary policy
Chapter 13: FisheriesSlide28
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 14: Transport policy
Chapter 15: Energy
Chapter 16: Taxation
Chapter 17: Economic and monetary policy
Chapter 18: Statistics
Chapter 19: Social policy and employment
Chapter 20: Enterprise and industrial policy
Chapter 21: Trans-European networks
Chapter 22: Regional policy and coordination of structural instruments
Chapter 23: Judiciary and fundamental rights
Chapter 24: Justice, freedom and security
Chapter 25: Science and researchChapter 26: Education and cultureSlide29
Chapters of the acquis
Chapter 27: Environment
Chapter 28: Consumer and health protection
Chapter 29: Customs union
Chapter 30: External relations
Chapter 31: Foreign, security and
defence
policy
Chapter 32: Financial control
Chapter 33: Financial and budgetary provisions
Chapter 34 - Institutions
Chapter 35 - Other issuesSlide30
Screening
Commission carries out a detailed examination, together with the candidate country, of each
chapter
.
The findings by chapter are presented by the Commission to the Member States in the form of a
screening report
.
open negotiations directly or require that certain conditions –
opening benchmarks
- should first be metSlide31
Negotiating
positions
before negotiations can start, the candidate country must submit its position and the EU must adopt a common position
EU set
s
closing benchmarks in
chapters
which need to be met by the Candidate Country before negotiations in the policy field concerned can be closed
.
If
criteria
fulfilled
,
chapter
“
provisionally
closed
”Slide32
Concluding
the
negotiations
Closing
the
chapters
No negotiations on any individual chapter are closed until
every
EU government is satisfied with the candidate's progress in that policy field
whole negotiation process is only concluded definitively once
every chapter has been closed
.Slide33
Accession
treaty
t
he document that cements the country's membership of the EU
To
be
binding
, it has
to
;
win the
support
of the EU Council, the Commission, and the European Parliament
be
signed
by the candidate country and representatives of all existing EU countries
be
ratified
by the candidate country and every individual EU country, according to their constitutional rules (parliamentary vote, referendum, etc.).Slide34
Enlargement
to
the
Western
BalkansSlide35
Importance
of Western Balkans
Enlargement
Security
:
disputes on
territories, sovereignty and ethnic minorities
still persist
in
the
regionCredibility of the EU as an international actor “use the power of its enlargement process to transform the Western Balkans, opening a new chapter after a shameful decade of failure in the region
” Slide36
Integration
Process
Stabilisation and Association Process (SAP) policy framework in
1999
Stabilisation and Association Agreements (SAA)
with
Croatia
,
Macedonia
(2000),
Albania
(2003), Bosnia-Herzegovina, Montenegro, Serbia (2005), Kosovo (2013)Thessaloniki Summit (2003
):
a clear membership perspective
granted
to the Western Balkans, subject to fulfilment of the conditions determined by the SAP and the Copenhagen criteriaSlide37
Progress
so
far
Croatia
met
all conditions and become
a
member
of the EU on 1 July 2013.
Macedonia
,
Montenegro and Serbia
recognised
as candidate countries, where the formal accession negotiations started with Montenegro in June 2012 and with Serbia in January 2014.
Albania
applied for EU membership in 2009, and in October 2012 the European Commission recommended that Council should grant Albania candidate
status.
Granted
candidate
status
in
June
2014
Bosnia-Herzegovina
and
Kosovo
has not applied for membership yet, but the EU recognises these countries as potential candidates.Slide38
Financial Assistance Instruments for the Western Balkans
PHARE,
ECHO
(1990)
Obnova
(1996)
CARDS
(2000)
IPA
(2007)
IPA II (2014)Slide39
PHARE
, ECHO,
Obnova
Poland and Hungary Assistance for Restructuring their
E
conomies
(PHARE) programme
(1990)
initially targeting assistance to Poland and Hungary,
expanded to the pre-accession assistance of the 2004 and 2007 entrant countries and three countries from the Western Balkans, Albania, Macedonia, and Bosnia-HerzegovinaSlide40
PHARE, ECHO
, Obnova
European Consensus on Humanitarian Aid (ECHO)
(1990)
included support to refugees, internally displaced persons and vulnerable groups and aimed at restoring livelihood conditions and fostering post-war infrastructure reconstruction.
Obnova
(
reconstruction
) (1996)
In the 1990s, around €4.4 billion was allocated to the projects aiming at the physical, social and political reconstruction of the Western Balkans.Slide41
CARDS (2000)
PHARE, ECHO
and
Obnova
were
limited
to
post-conflict reconstruction of the region.Community Assistance for Reconstruction, Development and Stabilisation (CARDS) programme “building up an institutional, legislative, economic and social framework directed at the values and models subscribed to by the EU”Slide42
CARDS (2000)
Financial assistance (€4.6 billion in total) concentrated at a wide range of issues
integrated border management,
public administration reform,
taxation,
local infrastructure development,
civil society development,
media reform,
strengthened environment policies and
economic reforms.Slide43
CARDS Programme allocation for 2002–2006 (EUR million)
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Albania
44.9
46.5
63.5
44.2
45.5
Bosnia-Herzegovina
71.9
63
72
49.4
51
Croatia
59
62
81
105
140
Macedonia
41.5
43.5
59
45
40
Serbia
189.7
240
218
154.5
179
Montenegro
15
15
19
22
24.5
Kosovo
154.9
76.28
75.4
54
89.5
Source: European Commission, DG Enlargement. Financial statistics per country 2000-2006 Slide44
IPA (2007)
Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) programme
Replaced
all previous instruments for both official candidate (Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Turkey, and Iceland) and potential candidate countries (Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Serbia and Kosovo)
Aim
s
at providing assistance to these countries in harmonization and implementation of the EU acquis and preparation for use of the cohesion and structural funds after EU accession.Slide45
COMPONENTS OF IPA
Component I: “Assistance for transition and institution-building”
Component II: “
Cross-border cooperation
”
Component III: “
Regional development
”
Component IV: “
Human resources development
”
Component V: “
Rural development”Slide46
Allocation
of IPA Funds
allocation of the IPA funds for each component and beneficiary country was defined in the
Multiannual Indicative Financial Framework (MIFF),
which reflects the priorities identified by the Enlargement Strategy of the European Commission
F
irst
MIFF
:
2008-2010
Second
MIFF:
2011-2013Slide47
Breakdown of the IPA
Assistance (MIFF 1)
Country
Component
2007
2008
2009
2010
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
256.7
256.1
239.6
231.3
Cross-border Cooperation
2.1
2.8
3.1
5.1
Regional Development
167.5
173.8
182.7
238.1
Human Resources Development
50.2
52.9
55.6
63.4
Rural Development
20.7
53
85.5
131.3
Total
497.2
538.7
566.4
653.7
CROATIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
49.6
45.4
45.6
39.5
Cross-border Cooperation
9.7
14.7
15.9
15.6
Regional Development45.147.649.756.2Human Resources Development11.412.714.215.7Rural Development25.525.625.826Total141.2
146
151.2
153.6
MACEDONIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
41.6
41.1
39.3
36.9
Cross-border Cooperation
4.2
4.1
4.3
4.5
Regional Development
7.4
12.3
20.8
29.4
Human Resources Development
3.2
6
7.1
8.4
Rural Development
2.1
6.7
10.2
12.5
Total
58.5
70.2
81.8
91.7
Slide48
SERBIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
181.5
179.4
182.6
186.2
Cross-border Cooperation
8.2
11.5
12.2
11.8
Total
189.7
190.9
194.8
198
MONTENEGRO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
27.5
28.1
29.8
29.8
Cross-border Cooperation
3.9
4.5
4.7
3.7
Total
31.4
32.6
34.5
33.5
KOSOVO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
68.3
184.7
106.1
66.1
Cross-border Cooperation
0
0
0
1.2
Total
68.3
184.7
106.1
67.3
BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building 58.169.983.9100.7Cross-border Cooperation44.95.24.7 Total62.174.8
89.1
105.4
ALBANIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
54.3
65.2
71.4
84.2
Cross-border Cooperation
6.7
8.6
9.8
10
Total
61
73.8
81.2
94.2
Total Country Programmes
1109.4
1311.7
1305.1
1397.3
Multi-Beneficiary Programmes
29.6
137.7
188.9
141.7
Support Expenditure
44.8
52
47.6
47.4
GRAND TOTAL
1263.2
1501.4
1541.6
1591.3
Breakdown of the IPA
Assistance
(MIFF 1)
Slide49
Country
Component
2011
2012
2013
TURKEY
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
231.3
227.5
238.5
Cross-border Cooperation
5.1
2.2
2.2
Regional Development
293.4
356.1
366.9
Human Resources Development
77.6
83.2
91.2
Rural Development
172.5
187.4
204.2
Total
779.9
856.3
902.9
CROATIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
40
40
17.4
Cross-border Cooperation
15.9
16.4
9.7
Regional Development
58.2
57.5
30.1
Human Resources Development
16
15.9
8.5
Rural Development
26.5
25.8
27.7
Total156.5155.693.5 MACEDONIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 29.428.727.1Cross-border Cooperation4.53.65.1
Regional Development
39.3
40.9
50.3
Human Resources Development
8.8
10.3
10.6
Rural Development
16
18
20.2
Total
98
101.5
113.2
SERBIA
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
190.6
190.6
196.7
Cross-border Cooperation
11.3
11.5
11.6
Total
201.9
202.1
208.3
MONTENEGRO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
29.8
16.3
5.1
Cross-border Cooperation
4.3
4.6
4.7
Regional Development
0
8
14.8
Human Resources Development
0
2.8
2.8
Rural Development
0
3.3
7.3
Total
34.2
35
34.6
KOSOVO
Transition Assistance and Institution Building
66.9
67
68.5Cross-border Cooperation1.81.83Total68.768.871.5 BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA Transition Assistance and Institution Building 102.7102.7103.5Cross-border Cooperation4.75.25.3Total107.4107.9108.8 ALBANIATransition Assistance and Institution Building 84.385.184.7Cross-border Cooperation10.19.410.7Total94.494.695.3 Total Country Programmes15531633.71634.1Multi-Beneficiary Programmes193.2212.7177.3Support Expenditure52.252.753.3GRAND TOTAL 1798.41899.11864.6
Breakdown of the IPA
Assistance
(MIFF 2)
Slide50
IPA Allocations to the Western BalkansSlide51
Per capita IPA Allocations to the Western Balkans and TurkeySlide52
From IPA to IPA
II: 2014 - 2020
IPA II:
“
more
closely linked to the enlargement priorities, and
based
on a more results-oriented and strategic approach targeting key reforms in the enlargement countries
”
access
to all areas of the IPA II for all
c
ountries, regardless their official candidate status; Easy management of financial assistance with fewer processes for accreditation and conferral of management to beneficiaries.Generalisation of a sector approach with the increased use of sectoral budget supportSlide53
IPA II Budget
(
provisional allocation) (EUR millions)
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
1573.8
1605.2
1637.4
1670.1
1703.5
1737.6
1771.1