Modern France Haussmannisation Right Gare Saint Lazare Claude Monet 1877 Modernity Modernisation 18 th Century Battles between the Ancients and Moderns Rousseaurepublicanism ancient ID: 283221
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Slide1
History 172Modern France
Haussmannisation
Right:
Gare
Saint
Lazare
Claude Monet, 1877Slide2
Modernity/Modernisation
18th Century
Battles between the Ancients and Moderns
Rousseau/republicanism – ancient
Encyclopédiste
/
liberalism
– modern
French Revolution
Liberal (markets, limited suffrage,
rationalisation
)
Radical (republican, democratic, ‘virtue’)
Liberal authoritarianism/technocratic (modern)
Bonapartism
- authoritarian, w
/liberal
fig-leafSlide3
Modernity/Modernisation
Spurts:Latter half of 19th century
Haussmannisation
Second industrial revolution
Mid twentieth century
Les
trentes
glorieuses
(1950s-1970s)Slide4
Urban growthvs
Urbanisation (19th c)
Urban growth = population of city rises
Urbanisation
= rising proportion of nation’s population lives in cities
Paris: both
Influx from countryside
Annexation
1860: Belleville, La
Villette
, MontmartreSlide5
Annexation of banlieues
New boundary
Old boundarySlide6
Population
1817 = 700,0001857 = 1.2 million (before annexation)1860 = 1.8 million (after)Most who arrived were poorer than those in Paris alreadySlide7
PopulationSlide8
Meaning of these numbers?
1960s sociological explanationsUprootedness loss of cultural context
Atomisation
Crime
Eastern Paris
Indigents: more than 12% of population
Half of population died before age of 19
Infanticide – orphanages (1/3 of children deposited there died within one year)Slide9
Disease
Cholera
1832, 1849, 1884
Deaths were
high
1832
13,000
die
Right: Alfred
Rethel
, upon reading Heine’s description of Paris in 1832Slide10
1832 Cholera
That night, the balls were more crowded than ever; hilarious laughter all but drowned the louder music; one grew hot in the chahut, a fairly unequivocal dance, and gulped all kinds of ices and other cold drinks--when suddenly the merriest of the harlequins felt a chill in his legs, took off his mask, and to the amazement of all revealed a violet-blue face. It was soon discovered that this was no joke; the laughter died, and several wagon loads were driven directly from the ball to the Hotel-
Dieu
, the main hospital, where they arrived in their gaudy fancy dress and promptly died, too...[T]hose dead were said to have been buried so fast that not even their checkered fool's clothes were taken off them; and merrily as they lived they now lie in their graves.
Heinrich Heine, German poet and journalist (1832)Slide11
Meaning of these numbers?
Newer sociological interpretationsChain migration (not uprootedness)
Communities in Paris
Gare
Montparnasse
Brittany
Gare
de Lyon Burgundy, Auvergne, Lyon
Saint
Lazare
Normandy
Gare
de
l’Est Alsatian
Paris becomes polyglot: migrants arrived with different dialects and even languages (
breton
)Slide12
Contemporary anxieties about teeming cities:
Who is who? Who can you trust?
Often treated poor as different race
Phrenology: reading of skulls for indications of who the person is: attempts to assign a typology to people based on physical traits
Certain physical traits indicated that one might be a c
riminal
The moral and the biological are conflated
Emile Zola (novelist):
genes predispose people to social
behaviour
E.g., crime, alcoholismSlide13
Contemporary views of Paris
‘A great manufactory of putrefaction in which poverty, plague… and disease labor in concert and where sunlight barely ever enters. It is a foul hole where plants wilt and perish and four out of seven children die within their first year
.’
Victor
ConsidérantSlide14
Contemporary views of Paris
‘How ugly Paris seems after one year away. How one is stifled in these dark, damp, narrow corridors which we are pleased to call the streets of Paris. One would think it was an underground city, so sluggish and obscure. People throng in the liquid darkness like reptiles
.’
Vicomte
de
LaunaySlide15
East / West divide
East, banlieue
WestSlide16
1848
Fear of masses and socialism
Election of Louis Napoleon
Elected president in 1848 – male popular vote
Became Emperor in 1851 – plebiscite Nov 1852
1852: First
time provinces impose their politics upon Paris??Slide17
Haussmann
Appointed Préfet of the Dept of Seine in 1853
Given extraordinary powers to remake Paris
Carried through rapid changes that others had tried before
‘It is easier to slice through the middle of a pie than through the
crusts’Slide18
Haussmannisation
Circulation, circulationAirCapital
Prevent
barricadesSlide19
1830 – Romantic viewSlide20
1848 – Sober ViewSlide21
Implementing Haussmannisation
Forced expropriation by stateState sells to private developers (cheap)
From ‘bankers’ to ‘banking’ – new
financing
Even lower classes begin holding money in banks
De-
personalisation
of bank industry – banks take on legal personalities
All this increases credit
Taxes,
tourism
&
economic growth would pay for itWere Napoleon III and Haussmann proto-Keynesians?Slide22
Imperialism of the ‘straight line’
Cutting through Paris with boulevardsSlide23
Show-off Cities
See and be seenTourismAnonymity, Alienation?
The
flaneur
: someone who moves spontaneously through the city, observing, being seen, consuming… somewhat alienated but engaged with fascination… less ‘organic’ relationship to citySlide24
Building Avenue de l’OpéraSlide25
TodaySlide26
Map of ParisSlide27
Étoile – western ParisSlide28
Orderly ConsumerismSlide29
Alienation?
Cities and perpetual motion