Middle Ages and the Plague-Introduction - PowerPoint Presentation

Middle Ages and the Plague-Introduction High Middle Ages (1000-1300) Period of political, economic, intellectual, and artistic expansion Late Middle Ages/Renaissance (1300s-1700s) Hundred Years’ War Black Death Schism within church Ottomans capture Constantinople Renaissance (art and learning) Beginnings of nationalism

Otto I and Revival of Empire Otto I “the Great” (936-973) Put family in charge of Bavaria, Swabia, Franconia Invaded Italy Defeated Hungarians at Lechfeld , 955 Secured German borders Enlisted church in rebuilding program Bishops and abbots made agents of the king Pope John XII (955-964) Crowned Otto emperor, 962 Church under royal authority

First Crusade Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus appeals for aid against the Turks Pope Urban II (1088-1099) Council of Clermont First Crusade risky, but approved Motives Religion, but also greed Remove restless nobility East/West reconciliation Sparked anti-Jewish riots in Europe Jerusalem captured on July 15, 1099

Later Crusades Second Crusade (1147-1149) Dismal failure Jerusalem recaptured in 1187 by Saladin Third Crusade (1189-1192) – failure Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Richard the Lion-Hearted, English King Philip Augustus, French King Fourth Crusade (1202-1204) Also a failure Crusades did stimulate Western trade and cultural interaction with the East

Towns and Townspeople Towns contained 5% of the population Charters given to towns by feudal nobles Charters guaranteed towns’ safety Gave them independence Serfs took their skills to the towns Serfs found freedom and profits Chance for a higher social rank Lords in the countryside offered more favorable terms of tenure in hopes of keeping serfs on land

Towns and Townspeople Image

Rise of Merchants First merchants may have been serfs Traveled together in caravans and convoys Merchants at first disliked Outside traditional social groups Nobility, clergy, peasantry Formed own protective associations Merchants allied themselves with kings Against traditional nobility in countryside Towns facilitated transition to national government

Schools and Universities Bologna First important Western university, 1158 Paris another important early university Scholasticism Sense that truth is already known so th e job of students was to summarize traditional authorities and to elaborate on traditional arguments using pros and cons to draw conclusions Logic and dialectic were the main tools

Society The Order of Life Nobles Clergy Peasants Medieval Women Image and Status Life Choices Working Women

Medieval Social Order: Nobles Those Who Fight High nobility were great landowners Lower nobility were petty landlords Soldiering was t he nobleman’s profession Nobility celebrated strength, courage, warfare BUT… the n obility was in economic and political decline Plague and famine Changing military tactics Infantry and artillery take place of cavalry Alliance of wealthy towns with king

Medieval Social Order: Clergy Those Who Pray Clergy was an open estate by training Two basic types of clergy Regular ( regula , rule) ‏ Monks who lived according to ascetic rule: Franciscans, Dominicans Secular ( saeculum , world) ‏ Clergy who worked among the laity

Medieval Social Order: Peasants Those Who Work Largest and lowest social group in Middle Ages Their labor supported all others Owed their lord a certain amount of produce Two basic changes in peasantry in Middle Ages Increasing importance of single-family holding Land in single family through generations Conversion of serf’s dues into money payments Change permitted revival of trade Facilitated rise of towns

Medieval Women Most medieval women were workers in fields, trades, and businesses Church created unrealistic view of women Subjugated housewife or confined nun Many women were neither Women’s legal rights varied Girls were apprenticed in a trade Appeared in most “blue-collar” trades Prominent in food and clothing industries Belonged to guilds, could become masters Went to school – gained vernacular literacy But excluded from universities

Growth of National Monarchies England and France: Hastings (1066) to Bouvines (1214) William the Conqueror Popular Rebellion and the Magna Carta Philip II Augustus The Hohenstaufen Empire (1152–1272) Frederick I Barbarossa Frederick II

Growth of England Death of Edward the Confessor in 1066 Harold Godwinsson chosen as new king William of Normandy (d. 1087) Battle of Hastings, October 14, 1066 Creation of a strong monarchy Kept Anglo-Saxon tax system Practice of court writs Parleying- Anglo-Saxon tradition Balance of monarchical and parliamentary

England- The Magna Carta Henry II (1154-1189) Eleanor of Aquitaine – Angevin empire King John (1199-1216 ) Magna Carta – “Great Charter”, 1215 Limits on royal power Rights of privileged to be represented in important issues like taxation Rights eventually spread

France Philip II Augustus (1180-1223) Norman conquest – national monarchy French victory at Bouvines , July 27, 1214 Louis IX (1226-1270) Efficient French bureaucracy Gave subjects right to appeal French associated their king with justice “Golden A ge of Scholasticism”

Hohenstaufen Empire (1152-1272)‏ Frederick I Barbarossa (1152-1190) Re-established imperial authority Launched new phase of battle with the pope Frederick II (1212-1250) Ward of Pope Innocent III German princes became petty kings Frederick was excommunicated four times by the Catholic Church Collapse of German monarchy with his death Establishment of electoral college in 1257

Hundred Years’ War (1337-1453) Causes Dynastic, territorial, economic rivals English military superiority Incompetent French leadership Joan of Arc (1412-1431 ) Consequences Devastated France Awakened French nationalism Sped transition from feudal monarchy to centralized state Peasants bore heaviest burdens

The Plague- “The Black Death” A weakened Europe Overpopulation Population of Europe doubled from 1000-1300 Economic depression Famine Plague followed the trade routes west Venice, Genoa, and Pisa by 1348 Two-fifths of Europe died Death rates highest in urban areas

Black Death – Consequences Shrunken labor supply Wages increased Decline in value of noble estates Urban areas hit especially hard But eventual prosperity Prices soared for manufactured and luxury items Church also weakened Nobility and church on defensive Both had limited power over monarchy

Challenges of the Catholic Church Pope Boniface VIII (1294-1303) Unam Sanctam Temporal authority subject to power of church Conflict with Philip the Fair (1285-1314) Papacy in Avignon, (1305-1377) Great Schism, (1378-1417) Support along political lines Council at Pisa in 1409 – now three popes Council at Constance, 1414