Preview p.20 - PowerPoint Presentation

Slide1

Preview p.20

Without looking at your notes…

List all of the MAJOR theorists and/or theories from each chapter and their associated psychological phenomenon Slide2

Learning & Memory Review

AP Test Format

Notebook

p

. 21Slide3

Classical Conditioning

Application: Treating Phobias

Flooding

: repeated/excessive exposure

Counter-conditioning

: learning of a new conditioned response opposite of original learned response

Systematic desensitization

: gradual learning of a new conditioned response to replace fear/anxiety

Aversive Conditioning

: associate unwanted behavior with unwanted feelingSlide4

Conditioned Taste Aversion

Many hospital patients drink meal replacement shakes, such as Boost while they are receiving treatment. When they leave the hospital and are later presented with Boost, they show obvious discomfort and dislike for the drink. Use classical conditioning to explain why.Slide5

Classical Conditioning

An individual receives frequent injections of drugs, which are administered in a small examination room at a clinic. The drug itself causes increased heart rate but after several trips to the clinic, simply being in a small room causes an increased heart rate.Slide6

Classical Conditioning

Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after hearing the flush, before the water temperature changes.Slide7

Operant Conditioning

Positive vs. Negative

Punishment vs. ReinforcementSlide8

Schedules of Reinforcement

You check the coin return slot on a pay telephone and find a quarter. You find yourself checking other telephones over the next few days.

Getting paid $20 per hour

Catching a fish off of a pier

Waiting for the traffic light to turn green

Kicking a goal in soccerSlide9

Schedules of Reinforcement

Kindergarteners get a sticker for every 5 positive behaviors

Waiting to see a shooting star in the night sky

Waiting for the school bell to ringSlide10

Latent Learning

Cognitive maps & ratsSlide11

Observational Learning

Modeling

Mirror neuronsSlide12

Long Term Potentiation

As we acquire new experiences, information, and memories, our brains create more and more synaptic connections. Essentially, the brain is able to rearrange itself, establishing new connections while weeding out old ones.Slide13

Memory & Brain

Hippocampus – Explicit Memory

Cerebellum – Implicit Memory

Amygdala

– Emotional MemorySlide14

AP Test Format p.21

Multiple-Choice

Five possible answers

No deduction for wrong answers (if you don’t know, guess!)

Best answer, EXCEPT, analysis/application questions

Free-Response (FRQ)

No introduction, conclusion, or thesis

Short-answer format

Bulleted responses in

complete sentences

are acceptable.

Specific answers

Accurate information in clear, concise prose.Slide15

AP Test Format

AP Test Format

100 multiple-choice questions; 70 minutes

2 free-response questions; 50 minutes

AP

class

Test Format

50 multiple-choice question; 35 minutes

1 free response question; 25 minutesSlide16

Vocabulary for Free-Response Questions

Define

means to state the meaning of a word or phrase or to give a specific example.

Usually just one sentence.

Identify

means to select a factor, person, or idea, and give it a name.

Explain why/explain how

means to give a cause or reasonSlide17

FRQ Practice

Roger is at a wedding reception where he has been introduced to over 50 guests whom he has never met. He can remember only a handful of names.

Describe the role

that

sensory storage

,

short-term memory

, and

long-term memory

play for Roger in this situation.

Analyze

what is happening in terms of the three stages of the information processing model of memory:

encoding, storage and retrieval

.

Finally,

identify

strategies

Roger might use to improve his ability to remember names.Slide18

Part 1

Sensory storage

works for a very brief period of time until information is either processed or discarded. The names that Roger hears at the wedding will be briefly stored in his

echoic memory

.

Short term storage

works to process information we are currently thinking about. The names that Roger consciously rehearses will remain in his

phonological loop

as part of his

working memory

.

The names that Roger is able to effectively

encode

will remain in his

long term memory storage

for later

retrieval.Slide19

Part 2

A number of factors will influence the

encoding

of names into Roger’s LTM. For example, Roger may use

maintenance rehearsal

by repeating new names until he is able to recall them later.

Roger must space out his introductions because his

short-term memory storage

will be limited to approximately 7 names.

Roger may experience some issues with the

retrieval

of newly remembered names. For example, he may experience

proactive interference

if names of people he met at a previous wedding intrude with the recall of names of people he is meeting at the current wedding.Slide20

Part 3

If Roger wants to remember the names of guests at the wedding he should use

elaborative rehearsal

techniques. Such as making associations between the guests and friends he has with the same names.

Roger may also choose to use

mnemonic

devices to remember names. For example, “Paul is tall” is rhyming association that will increase the likelihood that Roger will

recall

Paul’s name Slide21

Sample Free-Response Question

Discuss how the research conducted by each of the following theorists may explain the acquisition of a spider phobia.

John B. Watson

B.F. Skinner

Albert

BanduraSlide22

Sample Free-Response Question

1 point for identifying the research conducted by each theorist

2 points for explaining the spider phobia with regard to each theorist.

9 point questionSlide23

Sample Free-Response Question

John B. Watson would argue that a phobia of spiders would be the result of classical conditioning. The unconditioned stimulus (UCS), such as being bitten by a spider, would produce an unconditioned response (UCR) of screaming or feeling pain. The neutral stimulus (NS) is the spider. Because the spider bit a person, it now becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS), which produces fear (CR).Slide24

Sample Free-Response Question

B.F. Skinner would argue that a phobia of spiders is the result of operant conditioning. Screaming and showing fear of a spider elicits attention from others. Therefore, by continuing to scream or show fear in the presence of a spider, the behavior will continue. In addition, Skinner may argue that in removing the aversive stimulus (fear or discomfort) every time a spider is removed from the situation, the fear would increase.Slide25

Sample Free-Response Question

Albert

Bandura

would argue that a phobia is the result of observational learning. The person would model what he or she has seen others do when encountering a spider (or insect), and would therefore display that behavior if put in a similar situation.Slide26

Jeopardy!Slide27

Process p.20

What areas will you focus on to prepare for the test? i.e. What are you practicing TONIGHT?